Stress and Anger Essay -- Stress Anger Psychology Essays

Stress and wrathStress and Anger adopt unendingly been related with each other. in that location have been interminable studies, even more theories, close to stress and anger and how they relate. But, no function how many studies are conducted, there will always be the questions about whether or not stress and anger are related. But, I am here to provide the facts on both stress and anger, and then consent to you, as the reader, to determine the relationship, because wholly-in-all, I feel that stress and anger batch and masst be related, depending on the circumstance. If psychologists completely understood how stress and fears developed, we would lie with how to produce and reduce a phobia or an worry state. We dont. There seems to be a wide variety of manner experiences which result in some form of stress, fear, anxiety, or psychosomatic illness. It would be convenient if life were simpler but it isnt. Perhaps a summary will help you canvas the ways you might become s tressed and anxious Changes, such as sudden trauma, several big crises, or many small workaday hassles, cause stress. Intense stress years earlier, especially in childhood, can predispose us to over-react to current stress. Events, such as barriers and conflicts that prevent the changes and goals we want, progress to stress. Having little control over our lives, e.g. being on the assembly delimitate instead of the boss, contrary to popular belief, often increases stress and illness. Many environmental factors, including excessive or impossible demands, noise, boring or lonely work, gooselike rules, unpleasant people, etc., cause stress. Conflicts in our interpersonal relationships cause stress flat and can eventually cause anxieties and emotional disorders. The human body has polar ways of responding to stress one quick responding nerve-hormonal system involving adrenaline, another permanent system involving cortisol, and perhaps others. These systems not only determine the i ntensity of our anxiety reactions but also our attitudes, energy level, depression, and physical health after the nerve-racking events are over. As individuals, our nervous systems differ however, according to Richard Dienstbier at the University of Nebraska, we may be able to modify our unique physiological reactions by skill coping skills. The genetic, constitutional, and intrauterine factors influence stress. Some of us may have been born nerv... ...nd anti-social behavior. It is also known that a viral infection, called rabies, causes violent behavior. roughly 90% of women report being irritable before menstruation. Furthermore, 50% of all crimes by women in prison occurred during their menstrual period or premenstrual period. By chance only 29% of crimes would have occurred during those eight days. hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar) increases during the premenstrual period and it causes irritability. In all of these possibilities--instinct, heredity, hormones, or flair dysfu nction--the aggression occurs without apparent provocation from the environment (although there is almost always a target). According to some of these theories, the need or pulsing to be aggressive is boiling within each of us and seeks opportunities to evoke itself. There is also clear evidence that alcohol consumption and hotter temperatures unwrap aggression, but no one thinks there is something in alcohol or heat that generates meanness. The socialization process, i.e. becoming a mature person, involves taming these destructive, savage, self-serving urges that in all probability helped us humans survive one million years ago but threatens our survival today.

Beowulf - Pagan or Christian Epic? Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays

Beowulf Pagan or Christian subicalBeowulf Pagan or Christian Epic?Although the story of Beowulf is filled with references to godliness and faith, many discrepancies occur throughout the story that suggest that Beowulf is not a Christian epic. The character of Beowulf frequently speaks to God and obviously believes in His innovation. However, ethnic practices ar mentioned in several places. Beowulf often refers to an otherwise being instead than the Christian God. Pagan practices of cremation and blood-drinking ar included in the epic. There are also frequent allusions to the power of fate, the motive of blood revenge, and praise of bored glory. All of these aspects make Beowulf a goy narration with a a few(prenominal) Christian elements. A key pagan reference in Beowulf is the entity Wyrd. at once if Wyrd, Ruler of All, will permit, my stout sword will sing its acquisitive war-song....Wyrd always weaves as it must. The Christian tradition clearly states the ex istence of only one supreme entity. It also states that anyone worshipping false idols is subject to punishment. If Beowulf was genuinely a Christian, he would not call to Wyrd for any type of assistance. single might argue that referring to Wyrd as Ruler of All suggests that this entity is the Christian God. besides God is referred to throughout the epic. For Grendel bore Gods anger...Mighty God rules mortals forever. These are two separate entities that serve different functions throughout the epic. A aline Christian tale would not include any other God or all-powerful being rather than the one true God of the Christian teachings. The story also mentions that Hrothgar and his people make sacrifices to idols in an attempt to overcome the monster Grendel. And so it came to pas... ... wealth. In conclusion, the epic tale of Beowulf is a pagan tale with a pagan hero. Although in that respect are Christian images throughout the tale, the story is clearly pagan in nature. The Beowulf poet portrays the civilization and people by separating the main ideas like a prism does with wake. Although there are the Christian references surface throughout the tale, a look at the epic as a whole clearly shows its true pagan nature. No matter which end of the spectrum you are looking from, all the ideas confirm that pagan concepts and principles prevail over the values of Christianity. It is shown on countless make through the material rewards, earthly fame, false idols, and burial practices. In the end, the detached lights in the prism come together and become one. This array of light in Beowulf is ultimately the strong presence of a pagan hero and a pagan culture.

Othello literary masterpiece Essay

ingress Othello is nonpareil of the trueal literary masterpieces written by William Shakespeare. Known as the dark-skinned Moor of Venice (Encarta Encyclopedia, 2002), Othello is a tommyrot of the mighty warrior whose emotional state cancelled into a tragic crepuscle as he was corrupted by suspicion and jealousy over his wife Desdemona and his new booster station Cassio. unheard-of to Othello, it was Iago, his bad lieutenant, who conspired against his happiness and domination. Though it has been said that every grammatical case has a massive significance and plays an important role in every news report, Iago has been hotshot of the most affective despite him being the antagonist in the novel. His character is the main reason why major incidents in the novel took place.This penning is aimed at analyzing the characters in the novel in that locationby coming up with the end on everybodys real demand and agenda in the hale novel.Characters in the Novel Othello Othello can be admired for his bravery, courage, wisdom and con officerate ways. However, he himself had a great ploughshare on his own tragic downfall. There was this part in the story where he had shown enough patient role non to fight with Brabantio, the father of his wife Desdemona because he wanted to substantiate that he did not bewitched his wife and that it was actually revere that bonded them as a couple. If he was wise enough and confident on the love he shared with Desdemona, he could not easily been manipulated and brainwashed by the evil Iago for him to believe that his friend and soldier Cassio and his wife was betraying him and that the two were having an affair. Othello was a victim himself.He was a victim of the circumstances that Iago had made to unmake his trust to his wife, to his friend and even to himself. If he was able to manage whats playing in Iagos mind earlier before he had d whiz such tragic deed of killing Desdemona, then he could have saved her . He could as well save his report and self regard. He killed his wife to save his pride because the idea of Desdemonas accused infidelity is unbearable for him. It was a threat to his own dignity. The strike part was that he did not notwithstanding lose his pride. He baffled his beloved wife, his own life and his own reputation. Nothing was left for him in this tragic story.Though Othello was the main character in this literary masterpiece, a xx part attri exclusivelyion is fair enough for him. Never would a man desire to be in a shameful ending. He would never have wanted to kill his wife, lose his friend and drop his own reputation if it was not because of the evil plans of Iago. If he was able to know Iagos plans, he could have d genius something to save everything including Desdemona, his beloved wife, Cassio, his friend and his own life and honor (Characters of Othello, 2006).Desdemona Though she was a victim herself, and her life was taken by Othello, her own husband, her part on the tragic downfall in the story of Othello was much more significant. Desdemona was the subject of conflict betwixt Othello and Cassio being used by Iago as he planned it that she was committing adultery. In classic stories, Eve was the reason of Adams committing sin, Delilah was the one responsible for Samsons lost of his strength and his captivity. In Othellos life, Desdemona was his Eve or Delilah for because of this woman, he was not able to regard the truth but instead, he trusted the wrong accusal accommodate by Iago that made him felt jealous to the extent of taking Desdemonas life in his own life.Though in contrary to the classic example I have mentioned in this paper, Desdemona is innocent of the accusation Iago betrothed against her. What I am trying to point out is that, women, especially in the old society and culture was oftentimes the reason behind a mans downfall. It was like men were losing their rationality no event the masculine strength, braver y and wisdom.Women has always been the weakness of men. On the other side, there is the reading that goes something like In every mans success, there is a woman behind it. Quite contradicting and ironic The same twenty percent attribution is given to this character. The sad thing is that the feminine side of women sometimes lead her to being helpless and unable to defend herself and demo the her innocence (Characters of Othello, 2006).Cassio This character was another victim of circumstances. His deep admiration to Desdemona was the only reason why Iago managed to plant the root of suspicion against him with the intention of overthrowing him as lieutenant for him to arouse the position he had long for. He was a loyal friend and soldier to Othello but in the end he was seen as a threat and was even treated as a traitor. He was the fall guy to suffer all the accusations Iago had tailored to obliterate Othello as well as to kick Cassio himself from his post. His importance in the story is just about ten percent in my own view (Characters of Othello, 2006).Iago Personally, I consider this character as the one with the greatest contribution in the tragic story of Othello. He was described as Shakespeares most evil figure in a way that he can easily manipulate the large number around him to do his play by taking advantage of his trust and using his victims own motivations to discover his own (Characters of Othello, 2006).Being pragmatic, he was in the same way an opportunist to aid his plan toe st plant the seed of suspicion on Cassio and Desdemona. He was able to manipulate all the other characters in the story that leads to everyones tragic ending. Relative to the tragic ending of the story, sixty percent can be attributed to the evil deeds of Iago. Compared to modern times stories on television series, Iago was a representation of an ancient villain who was a great threat to a Othello who was supposed to be a good attraction and a hero himself.The envy o n Iagos part for not being in the place of Cassio was the root why he zeal up Cassio and, Desdemona in committing adultery. This way, he was hoping to gain the trust of Othello to put him as a lieutenant. But the plot was also a way to strike back to those who endure him and also to gain what he believes is his (Characters of Othello, 2006). It was evident with how Iago tailored the accusation on Desdemona and Cassio that he was indeed, a very clever man but his intentions was evil and his purpose was wicked.For someone to constantly lie and deceive ones wife and friends, one must(prenominal) be extremely evil or, in the case of Iago, amoral. In every scene in which Iago speaks one can point out his deceptive manner. Much credit must be given to Iagos diabolical prowess which enables him to bend and convolve the supple minds of his friends and spouse. In todays society Iago would be called a psychopath without a conscience not the devil incarnate. His ability to say the right th ings at the right time is what makes him such a sure-fire villain. However, someone with a conscience would never be able to contain up such a ploy and deceive everyone around him (Characters of Othello, 2006).At the climactic ending of the play, Iagos plot is given away to Othello by his own wife, Emilia. Iago sees his wife as an obstacle and a nuisance so he kills her. He kills her not as much out of crossness but for pragmatic reasons. Emilia is a stumbling block in see of his path. She serves no purpose to him anymore and she can now only hurt his chances of keeping the position he has been given by Othello. Iagos inclement taking of Emilias and Roderigos lives is another proof of his amorality (Othello, 2006). decision            It is very clear from the above discussion that Iagos pure motive for doing such evil deed is pure selfishness. He wanted power. He felt that hes the one who should receive the highest form of respect fr om his constituents. He thought that he, alone, deserves the best credit, may it be for money, or for power. In his heart, there was nothing but pure hunger for power and attention.  By reflecting on what he was able to do, it can be easily off-key that he can still do anything and everything just to be get his most desired supremacy, even if it would mean killing more people and deceiving more loved ones.Works CitedCharacters of Othello. online. <http//absoluteshakespeare.com/guides/othello/characters/characters.htm>.  Othello. 2002. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. Othello Analysis of Iago. online <http//www.field-of-(themes.com/shakespeare/essays/Eothelloiago.htm>Othello Analysis of Major Characters. online <http//www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/othello/canalysis.html>

Five Techniques to Turn Your Best Friend Into Your Girlfriend

Good afternoon, my fellow virtuosos. I believe at our age, most of us are looking for a suitable heart partner and often, we fall for our aces. To be honest, falling for a friend is exclusively normal you do not have to condemn yourself for feeling that government agency. sort of of feeling down and miserable ab start this sudden curse ceremonious to you, try to be a little optimistic now, for a change. Today, I would like to talk about the five techniques on how to turn your dress hat friend into your girlfriend. First, stop acting as rightful(prenominal) a friend. You need to deliver the message loud and clear through your actions and dead body language.Make her feel that you want to be more than just friends without confessing your feelings just yet. You can try to be a bit more flirty, genitive and protective of her. Tell her shes pretty and special, be a bit amative and be a gentleman around her. Im certain(a) that she ordain by all odds start to see you in a disp arate light. Second, dont be too available 24/7. If you used to talk to her or text her very often, you can now disappear for a while. shamt ask her out, dont return her calls articulate her youre busy or do whatever it scoop ups to shuffling her wonder what youre up to.Give her some alone time and make her miss you From there, shell be thinking more of you, and its one of the best ways to make her fall all all over for you without too much of an effort on your side. She might also take the first step and text you first, like Hey, what are you up to? wherefore havent you text me lately? If she does text you first, that means the prank works. Congratulations, she missed you Third, get her off guard then flatter her out of the blue. I can tell you that most of the women tend to love a bit of a surprise every once in a while.Hold her hand, hold her close, tell her youre falling for her on the time when she least expects it. Dont be scared, just give in to your impulses and be spontaneous. Fourth, orchestrate her something nice. Who doesnt love receiving gifts? Sending a girl something nice is the best way to make her happy. Dont just stick to the basic like roses and chocolates. Try something new. except before that, you have to know the things she likes and get the idea from there. Make a little twist with it and show your side of being creative, something that she will definitely like and remind her of you. If she oesnt seem to get your message or cant tell youre actually flirting, then use this last trick. Look her in the sum and hold her hand. You dont have to do it for long, three seconds will do. Thats enough to ride her nuts and a great chance to make her fall for you. Im sure by now you already know how to turn your best friend into your girlfriend. Let us go through this again. There are five techniques to turn your best friend into your girlfriend. First, stop acting just as friend. Second, dont be too available 24/7. Third, flatter her out of the blue. Fourth, send her something nice and lastly, try holding her hand.

Building Lifecycle

LIFE-CYCLE OF BUILDINGS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF computer architecture , UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS IN partial tone FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELORS OF SCIENCE (BSc) IN architecture BY WHENU MAUTON . A. 100501059 OCTOBER 2011 expression Life Cycle refers to the pot of a bodily grammatical construction all over the course of its holy disembodied spirit-in former(a) words,viewing it not just as an operational construct,but also taking into account the be after,installation,commissioning,operation and decommissioning phases.It is drilld to part this view when attempting to improve an operational feature of a mental synthesis that is related to how a make was bearinged for instance,overall nothing conservation. In the vast majority of fonts in that location is little(prenominal) than sufficient effort put into designing a expression to be energy efficient and hence large inefficiencies ar incurred in the operational phase . Current research is ongoing in exploring methods of incorporating a full-page life cycle view of constructs,rather than just focusing in the operational phase as is the current situation. distinguish life-cycle is in the stages listed be pocket-size * declination Of structure Materials * Processing Of Building Materials * proposeing Of Building * Construction Of Building * Occupancy/ concern * Demolition/Disposal * Destruction And Material Re- social function * Design For De edifice * Diagram showing structure life-cycle. DECONSTRUCTION De face is a technique practitioners atomic number 18 using to salvage priceless expression satisfyings, wither the sum of ache they send to landfills, and mitigate other environmental impacts.It is the dismantlement of a edifice and the recovery of its materials, often mentation of as construction in reverse. Today, the appreciation of the lifespan and nourish of materials has be sum up diminished in the context of a to a greater extent disposable golf-club in which innovative is assumed to be better. Technological innovation and affixd availability of materials, match with a growing economy, population, and desire for to a greater extent mortalized space, has increased the engage for commercial and residential development, typically using crudefound materials.According to the National connector of Home Builders (NAHB), the size of an average home in the United States jumped 45 percent amidst 1970 and 2002, from 1,500 to over 2,200 squargon feet, while the number of quite a little living in each home decreased from an average of 3. 2 people to 2. 6 people. This meant more destruction, and renovation, of older structures to allow for innovative and larger structures. Demolition using heavy equipment is the handed-down process for edifice removal. newfangled demolition equipment removes structures quickly, destroying the materials within and creating solid waste destined for landfills.Some recycling d oes come during the demolition process, most typically concrete, brick, metal, asphalt pavement, and timber. However, landfill be in umpteen states are yet low, enabling wasteful disposal practices. Although certain areas in the United States are beginning to restrict disposal of construction and demolition (C& ampereD) waste in wander to promote recycling and use (see Section 3), almost states still gestate local landfill tipping fees as low as $9. 95 per cubic yard. Environmental impacts from construction and demolition activities are sizeable, both upstream and downstream.Large amounts of energy and options go into the ware of new grammatical construction materials. RESOURCES NOT WASTE deconstruction advocates are working to change the intelligence that older construct materials are waste. In fact, many of these materials are valuable choices. However, according to EPA, lone both(prenominal)(prenominal) 20 to 30 percent of build-related C&D material was cy cled or utilized in 1996. 10 This gap presents an opportunity to capture valuable resources. Deconstruction is becoming a complement to or a substitute for demolition worldwide, including in the United States where a grocery is emerging.Brad Guy, a leader in the deconstruction field and president of the Building Materials Reuse Association, has found that there are currently over 250 alive(p) deconstruction programs doneout the United States. Such programs recognize the potential and realizes of this process, which accommodate Reduction of Waste and Debris According to the Deconstruction Institute, in regulate to sustain human race society into the next century, resource readiness allow have to increase by a factor of 10. The materials salvaged through deconstruction help replenish the construction materials grocery store, rather than add to the amount of waste in landfills.In fact, studies indicate that deconstruction throne constrain construction commit waste by 5 0 to 70 percent. 11 This not besides helps extend the life of the existing landfills, but also decreases disposal costs for developers by minimizing the amount of mental synthesis related C&D material they are responsible for at the end of a befuddle. corporate ENERGY A major factor in determining a constructs lifecycle impact, Embodied Energy is the amount of energy buryd to lift a product, in this case building materials. This accommodates the energy affected to mine or harvest natural resources and natural materials Manufacture the materials and Transport the materials. By extending the life of building materials, deconstruction and materials employ bear upon this embodied energy, minimizing the need for further energy use. Resource Conservation and Emissions ReductionDeconstruction helps preserve a materials embodied energy (see text box) and extends the life of natural resources already harvested. 13 This minimises the need to produce new materialsin turn sa ving more natural resources and reducing production impacts much(prenominal) as emissions.For instance, a dominant benefit of deconstruction and the apply of salvaged materials is the diminution in greenhouse gas emissions. Using materials salvaged from deconstruction projects also reduces the drive to ship materials typically sourced and manufactured long distances from their ultimate use. This helps support the local economy as tumesce as further reduce mien emissions. Deconstructing a building also provides the opportunity to recycle any of the material that cannot be reused. Although the recycling process uses some energy and raw materials, and emits pollution, it is still a more sustainable option than disposing of materials. 4 Economics Benefi ts late end use markets, including salvaged material resellers and other small businesses, are cosmos created to support deconstruction activities. Other sparing benefits include job creation, work force development training, l ower building material cost, and revenue generation through salvaged materials sales. Avoided demolition debris disposal costs are a benefit when considering the transportation and disposal costs, as well as disposal restrictions, in certain U. S. states.Additionally, property owners can realize tax deductions that include the prise of the building and its materials if they are donated to a non-profi t organization. MATERIALS RE-USE Building materials whitethorn prevent structural or aesthetic value beyond their lifespan in a given building. This value is captured through materials reuse, a practice that can occur independently from or in conjunction with deconstruction and other lifecycle construction activities. As a component of lifecycle construction, it is an essential step in completing the loop.The concept of Reduce, Reuse, Recycle identifies reuse as midway between initial reduction of resource use and resource recycling in a hierarchy of limiting environmental impact. Red ucing initial resource use avoids the impact entirely, as well as any need for reuse or recycling. However, reusing materials is preferable to recycling them because less remanufacturing and processing is required, and less associated waste is generated. In its broadest comment, materials reuse is the practice of incorporating previously used materials into new projects.In the context of lifecycle construction, salvaging finish features, stripping interior components, and deconstruction all make building materials available for reuse. Similar to deconstruction, the major benefit of materials reuse is the resource and energy use that is avoided by reducing the production of new materials. Materials reuse also salvages materials with characteristics that are generally unavailable in new materials. For example, thump with desirable structural and aesthetic qualities such as large dimensions (especially timbers) and knot-free fair grain can be found in walls of old buildings.Such ite ms have a high reuse value as a have structural and finished surface piece. Note that it is less important what species of maneuver the wood came from than the way it has been used and the state it is in after such use. Certain challenges accompany the numerous benefits of this critical step in the lifecycle construction process. These include the need to verify material quality (e. g. , lumber grade) and the unevenness of available material quantities, which fluctuate with the level of deconstruction activity.This section describes the opportunities for materials reuse, the market for recyclable materials, and challenges associated with materials reuse. Three case studies at the end of the section foreground projects that incorporate materials reuse. The first case study describes a joint back deconstruction/materials reuse project that features immediate reuse of salvaged materials. The second case study describes a residential construction project that incorporates signific ant amounts of reusable materials. The third case study highlights a used building materials sell store within the growing market for reusable materials.IMPLEMENTATION OF MATERIALS REUSE Materials reuse can occur on both large and small scales. Depending on the availability of materials and the desired future use, materials reuse can involve a) whole buildings, b) building assemblies, c) building components, d) remanufacturing of building components, and/or e) reuse of individual building materials without modifications to them. These are defi ned below. a) Whole BuildingInvolves relatively minor changes to a buildings structure that often adapt it to a new use (e. g. , transforming a factory into lofts). ) Building AssembliesDefined as a hookup of parts fitted together into a flesh out structure (e. g. , pre-fabricated walls). 28 c) Building ComponentsMay be subassemblies or other structures that are not terminated on their own (e. g. doors with jambs). d) RemanufacturingAdds v alue to a material by modifying it (e. g. , re-milling frame of reference lumber for use as trim. Note that this differs somewhat from recycling because the wood is not entirely reprocessed, and retains its basic form). e) Building MaterialsReuse of any individual type of material such as lumber or gemstone (e. . , brick from an old structure used in a new ornament design without modifying it). Individual building materials and finish pieces are the most commonly reused. Primary among these is lumber, but steel beams, stone, brick, tile, glass, gypsum, and plasterboard, as well as doors, windows, and cabinets are also routinely successfully reused. At a larger scale, building components are ideal for reuse, while the ultimate reuse includes entire building assemblies, such as panelized walls or floors that can be wholly unified into new projects.To help promote more materials reuse and recycling, the City of Seattle produced an mogul of materials reuse that identifies suitable materials for reuse, recyclable materials, and those that should be disposed of, as well as information on potential environmental and health concerns associated with some materials. A NEW APPROACH TO BUILDING invention As society continues to face significant waste and pollution impacts related to conventional building design, renovation, and removal practices, innovators are imagining a future where buildings are designed to consume fewer resources and generate less waste throughout their lifecycle.Building effort professionals are pioneering the concept of Design for Deconstruction (DfD), sometimes referred to as Design for Disassembly, a technique whose goal is to consider a buildings entire lifecycle in its original design. This includes the sustainable management of all resource flows associated with a building including design, manufacturing of construction materials, operation, renovation, and eventual(prenominal) deconstruction. 51 The typical building lifecycle is a lin ear one,. Resources are used and eventually discarded with minimal thought of re-cycling or reuse.The environmental impacts of this approach are sizeable. In terms of waste, if lodgment replacement rates remain unchanged, over the next 50 old age 3. 3 billion tons of material debris go out be created from the demolition of 41 million housing units. Even more striking is the fact that, if trends in housing design continue, new homes built during this same time period will result in double the amount of demolition debris, or 6. 6 billion tons, when they are eventually demolished. beyond these waste issues, the energy consumed to produce building materials is having a huge outlet ball-shapedly.A 1999 United Nations study states that 11 percent of global CO2 emissions come from the production of construction materials. These are the same materials that regularly end up in landfills. 52 The trend in construction practices since the 1950s has only exacerbated these impacts, as buil dings progressively contain more complex systems, materials types, and connecting devices, making it more difficult technically, as well as economically, to recover building materials for reuse or recycling.Unless a sustainable lifecycle approach to building is adopted, most building components in the future will become increasingly more non-renewable, non-reuseable, and non-recyclable. INCORPORATING DESIGN FOR DECONSTRUCTION (DFD) Design for deconstruction addresses waste and pollution issues associated with building design and demolition by creating a closedloop building management option that goes against the traditional linear approach (Figure 2). By designing buildings to facilitate future renovations and eventual dismantlement, a buildings systems, components, and materials will be easier to rearrange, recover, and reuse.It is estimated that the average U. S. family moves all(prenominal) 10 years. Over an average 50-year life span, a home may change hands five times and under go structural changes to strike each occupants needs. Thus, there is potential for multiple renovations over a buildings lifetime, as well as complete building removal to make the land available for a newer building as has been the trend most recently. DfD can proactively address future line of work flow through a sensible approach that maximizes the economic value of a structures materials, while working to reduce environmental impacts from their renovation and/or removal.DfD also creates adaptable structures that can be more readily reshaped to meet changing needs of owners. Incorporating DfD into the design of a building comprises four major design goals. All of these goals combine to minimize the environmental footprint of a building. Reusing existing buildings and materials Architects and developers should, to the extent possible, incorporate reused materials in the construction of new buildings.Besides minimizing waste from disposal of materials from existing building, as w ell as decreasing resource use and pollution associated with the creation of new materials, incorporating reused materials will help preserve the materials embodied energy, which is the amount of energy consumed to produce the materials . Additionally, backing the materials reuse market will also help create take on for more used materials. Materials, climatic materials, surface materials, surface treatment nuance process Metals, chemicals cement, fired clay, straw,sawn timber, etc.Extraction process Ore, stone, clay, oil, timber,plants, etc. Mining Drilling collect The Earth Ore Oil Timber Dumping Waste Use Re-use recycle Buildin ( extensionBjorn Berg, The Ecology of Building Materials)Building process savoir-faireS * WWW. WIKIPEDIA. ORG * LIFECYCLE CONSTRUCTION RESOURCE GUIDE * EPA Deconstruction and Reuse http//www. epa. gov/epaoswer/non-hw/ debris-new/reuse. htm * EPA Construction and Demolition Debris http//www. epa. gov/epaoswer/non-hw/ debris-new/index. htm VALUE OPTIMIZ ATION IN RELATION TO BUILDING PROJECTSA THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE , UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELORS OF SCIENCE (BSc) IN ARCHITECTURE BY WHENU MAUTON . A. 100501059 OCTOBER 2011 combine OPTIMIZATION perfect human enjoyment in the act of production and you optimize production W. Edwards Deming The construction persistence often mounts initiatives to increase efficiency and productiveness, but assumes the initiatives will gain traction within what is arguably a fragmented and therefore dys ladderal industry.The reality is that a healthy, meldd industry needs to first be developed, and then optimized. Increased efficiency and productivity will follow. The three-fold aim of this paper is that the reader understand * First, the organizational structure is optimized. In the carrying into action paradigm, this includes the clarity of structure, roles and responsibilities all of which need to be reorga nized. This enables perpetual and integrated team life (as opposed to reshuffling the team from project to project). The supply chain is also to be consolidated in order that the manufacturers, building products and systems are part of the team. Next, the processes are to be optimized. This will be accomplished through (1) Lean Building, (2) Production Quality, and (3) Process Integration and Automation. * Finally, the purpose of the performance paradigm the building itself is optimized. This requires a management re-orientation toward the total adjust cost of a development, and the building producers accepting responsibility for the performance of the building operations. While construction productivity has been stagnant even declining laments over productivity have been increasing.Productivity is, of course, a function of theoptimization of the production process (productivity = measures of production from process per unit of input). So, to make a given system more product ive (whether its the producer, process or product), the system is optimized to produce more units of produce per units of input. With the goal of decisively reversing the productivity decline and the lament incline, this paper proposes some optimization strategies for building systems that create an optimized, efficient and super-productive high performance industry producing high erformance buildings. Building construction and operation have extensive claim and indirect impacts on the environment. Buildings use resources such as energy, water and raw materials, generate waste (occupant, construction and demolition) and emit potentially harmful atmospherical emissions. Building owners, designers and builders face a unique challenge to meet demands for new and renovated facilities that are accessible, secure, healthy, and productive while minimizing their impact on the environment.Considering the current economic challenges, retrofitting an existing building can be more cost hard- hitting than building a new quick-wittedness. Designing major renovations and retrofits for existing buildings to include sustainability initiatives reduces operation costs and environmental impacts, and can increase building resiliency. Source EPA, 2004 Recent answers to this challenge call for an integrated, synergistic approach that considers all phases of the facility life cycle.This approach, often called sustainable design, supports an increased commitment to environmental stewardship and conservation, and results in an optimal balance of cost, environmental, societal, and human benefits while meeting the mission and function of the intended facility or infrastructure. The main objectives of sustainable design are to avoid resource depletion of energy, water, and raw materials prevent environmental degradation caused by facilities and infrastructure throughout their life cycle and create built environments that are livable, comfortable, safe, and productive.EPAs New England R egional Laboratory (NERL) achieved a LEED Version 1. 0 golden rating. From conception the project was charged to make use of the best commercially-available materials and technologies to minimize consumption of energy and resources and maximize use of natural, recycled and non-toxic materials. Chelmsford, MA While the definition of sustainable building design is constantly changing, six fundamental principles persist. * Optimize Site/Existing Structure PotentialCreating sustainable buildings starts with proper site selection, including servant of the reuse or rehabilitation of existing buildings. The location, orientation, and landscaping of a building affect the local ecosystems, transportation methods, and energy use. Incorporate Smart offshoot principles in the project development process, whether it be a single building, campus or military base. Siting for physical security is a critical issue in optimizing site design, including locations of access roads, parking, vehicle b arriers, and perimeter lighting.Whether designing a new building or retrofitting an existing building, site design must integrate with sustainable design to achieve a successful project. The site of a sustainable building should reduce, control, and/or treat stormwater runoff. * Optimize Energy Use With Americas supply of fossil fuel dwindling, concerns for energy independence and security increasing, and the impacts of global climate change arising, it is essential to find ways to reduce load, increase efficiency, and utilize renewable energy resources in federal facilities.Improving the energy performance of existing buildings is important to increasing our energy independence. Government and private celestial sphere organizations are committing to net zero energy buildings in the next ecstasy or so as a way to significantly reduce our dependence on fossil fuel. * Protect and Conserve Water In many parts of the country, fresh water is an increasingly scarce resource. A sustainab le building should use water efficiently, and reuse or recycle water for on-site use, when feasible. * Use Environmentally Preferable ProductsA sustainable building is constructed of materials that minimize life-cycle environmental impacts such as global warming, resource depletion, and human toxicity. Environmentally preferable materials have a cut back effect on human health and the environment and contribute to improved worker preventative and health, reduced liabilities, reduced disposal costs, and achievement of environmental goals. * Enhance indoor(a) Environmental Quality (IEQ) The indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of a building has a significant impact on occupant health, comfort, and productivity.Among other attributes, a sustainable building maximizes daylighting has appropriate ventilation and moisture control and avoids the use of materials with high-VOC emissions. Additionally, consider ventilation and filtration to mitigate chemical, biological, and radiological att ack. * Optimize Operational and Maintenance Practices Considering a buildings operating and sustentation issues during the preliminary design phase of a facility will contribute to improved working environments, higher productivity, reduced energy and resource costs, and prevented system failures.Encourage building operators and maintenance personnel to figure in the design and development phases to ensure optimal operations and maintenance of the building. Designers can specify materials and systems that simplify and reduce maintenance requirements require less water, energy, and toxic chemicals and cleaners to maintain and are cost-effective and reduce life-cycle costs. Additionally, design facilities to include meters in order to track the progress of sustainability initiatives, including reductions in energy and water use and waste generation, in the facility and on site. REFERENCE * WBDG SUSTAINABLE COMMITTEE

Presentation of witches in Macbeth Essay

Macbeth is a play written by William Shakespeargon in 1606 during the restrain of study billet jam I. This infernal play tells the story of a valet de chambre who commits regicide in order to gain power himself. Not only does this childs play deal with the age-old morality tale of good versus deplorable precisely it withal deals with what is right and what is wrong.In this essay I will demonstrate and analyze Shakespe atomic number 18s presentation of the witches in Macbeth.At this time witchcraft was vexationed and it was seen as a real threat. The witches did not fear Christ and this meant they basically had no fear that was outside the moral, religious and social boundaries of 17th speed of light Britain. Catholics in England were seen as outsiders, hated and seen as a threat, this was a weed like the position of witches.Witchcraft was also make use ofd as an explicate for bad happenings like natural disasters or deaths. It was usually old women who lived on their own who got accused of being a witch. Many believed accusing these hit women was a direction of discouraging women from living alone outside the mandate of a male-dominated household. Men wanted masculine superiority to remain unchecked. In a way men were guess as good and women were expression as hatred. If these women accused of being witches were found guilty they would be pain into a confession and accordingly murdered.King James I was retri saveory one of the pot who had strong feelings on witchcraft during this era. He believed that once he was nearly killed by the evils of witchcraft. The original play featured nymphs and Shakespe be changed it and included witches to not only impress and interest King James I further also to warn him of the danger of these evil witches. Involving witches also includes fears of that time and would frighten the audience more(prenominal) than nymphs. Introducing witches also gives the play an ease for more dramatic stage play an d more shocking scenes and was a necessity in the attempt to hasten the plot of Macbeth.The witches feature at the very beginning of Macbeth in Act One, place setting One. They assume to the elements of howl and lightning in a deserted place that has a significant meaning. The hell dust and lightning puts the main focus on the entrance of these witches. This dramatic scene suggests evil and highlights the threat of these witches. They enter from a deserted place that highlights their isolation and avoids doubt to the entrance of these witches. They then talk of what the future holds showing their gift of prospicience that is supernatural and once against Christian believing. This is an example of the witches going against the beliefs of 17th century Britain that is shown close to straight away. There is also a mention of Greymalkin and Paddock which are the witches familiars and factor of the criteria of being a witch was having a familiar that confirms the strange sisters a re witches. The scene ends, Fair is back up, and foul is fair Hover through the confuse and filthy air. All three of the witches say this in concert like a spell would be said. Here the witches heighten the sense of mystery in the play by confusing the audience by dealing with opposites. This rounds remove the spooky scene with a dramatic ending.In Act One, Scene Three the witches also enter to thunder as they meet again as planned. It is not as dramatic and there is no lightning but evil and fear is legato present. One of the witches talks about acquire revenge on a sailor by killing him. King James I believed the witches attempted to kill him with makes it relevant to the King. Macbeth and Banquo are introduced in this scene. Macbeth comments on the day by saying so fair and foul a day I turn over not seen.Then Banquo notices the so withered, and so wild in their attire witches with beards and is utterly shocked. Macbeth then asks them What are you? and he is also horrified . The witches then together say a meter hailing Macbeth, flattering him sarcastically. The witches talk in riddles and say make rough confusing comments like, Less than Macbeth, and greater. Not so happy, yet much happier. The characters of the witches are still quite mysterious but in this scene they fetch shown some emotions that support the view that they are evil, as they involve murdering and other awing things.In Act Four, Scene One the witches once again enter to the thunder that suggests evil is coming and they then begin casting an evil spell. They put lots of different things in a cauldron and sing together, Double, double toil and trouble, fire burn, and cauldron bubble. Saying the verse together creates an aural effect that would scare the audience. A scale of a flying lizard and a tooth of a wolf are just a twin of things that go into this cauldron of evil. When they have their potion ready they cool it with a baboons blood. This is imaging of blood and it has a sickening and shocking effect.Throughout the play the violation of the witches is developed and strengthened by the reactions of the other characters. The witches have a major impact on Macbeth and he believes what they are saying. This makes us ask the apparent motion of whether Macbeth is under a spell of the witches making or whether he is playing under his own free will. The witches do not harm Macbeth and then he is an agent of God, but he does destroy himself. That corresponds with the Christian popular opinion of made in Gods image but with the power of free will. The witches use the weakness of Macbeth to their advantage and to show they can have control over people but they cannot move Banquo to the dark side. Banquo is stronger then Macbeth and does not just believe whatever the witches say. He doubts the reality of his senses and is skeptical.The witches use language in this play to get across their point in a strong way. They use plenty of repetition. Ill do, Ill do , Ill do they repeat three times and three is widely seen as the magic number. They also use a lot of imagery in the play. For example they put in the cauldron, A finger of birth-strangled babe which makes you regard of innocence and the witches are creating drama by including something harmless and loved. The witches dramatic rituals beef up their sisterhood as they speak together and work together. They are only original and together they are isolated from the rest of golf club but they have each other. The rhyming couplets help make the chant more flowing. The witches also say, Ill give thee a wind. This suggests the witches can control the weather condition and the natural environment.The witches in these plays are warning King James I that witches can manipulate people to kill the King even though he is saw as untouchable. Shakespeare allows the audience to see that the witches do have this influence and they can cause evil through other people with Macbeth being an exampl e. The witches tie in with the established idea that women could be bruising to men at this time as they have the power of manipulation.I think the witches work very well in Macbeth. They create fear and drama throughout the play. They can be linked with terrorists in our society today. Terrorists are now feared and they have the power to get their own way because of their evil to a certain extent. Women were seen as a threat in the 17th century as witches were usually women now Muslims are scene as a threat as a lot of terrorists are Muslims.

Poetics by Aristotle Essay

Aristotles most famous contri entirely ifion to logic is the syllogism, which he discusses primarily in the Prior Analytics. A syllogism is a collar-step argument containing three antithetic terms. A simple example is solely(a)(a) men be mortal Socrates is a man thitherfore, Socrates is mortal. This three-step argument contains three assertions consisting of the three terms Socrates,man, and mortal. The number 1 two assertions atomic number 18 c completelyed expound and the die hard assertion is adjureed the final result in a logically valid syllogism, such(prenominal) as the star just presented, the conclusion act ons inescapably from the premises.That is, if you know that two of the premises be line up, you know that the conclusion inwrought(prenominal) in any case be true. Aristotle uses the con frame toing terminology to label the varied parts of the syllogism the premise whose root word features in the conclusion is called theminor premise and the prem ise whose predicate features in the conclusion is called the major premise. In the example, all(prenominal)(prenominal) men argon mortal is the major premise, and since mortal is also the predicate of the conclusion, it is called the major term.Socrates is called the minor term be bugger off it is the discipline of both the minor premise and the conclusion, and man, which features in both premises scarcely non in the conclusion, is called the middle term. In analyzing the syllogism, Aristotle registers the push throughstanding distinction surrounded by extras and universals. Socrates is a occurrence term, capacity bet that the word Socrates names a special(prenominal)(prenominal) person. By contrast, man andmortal atomic number 18 universal terms, signifi toilettece that they name common house categories or qualities that top executive be true of numerous a(prenominal) particulars. Socrates is one of billions of particular terms that pass offs under the univer sal man.Universals terminal be any the upshot or the predicate of a sen tennerce, whereas particulars advise scarcely be subjects. Aristotle identifies quartette kinds of categorical sentences that back end be constructed from sentences that have universals for their subjects. When universals atomic number 18 subjects, they mustinessiness be preceded by every, some, or no. To return to the example of a syllogism, the depression of the three terms was non just men argon mortal, unless rather all men be mortal. The contrary of all men be mortal is some men are non mortal, be bring one and only one of these take ups is true they sightnot both be true or both be false. Similarly, the contrary of no men are mortal is some men are mortal. Aristotle identifies sentences of these four body-builds all X is Y, Some X is not Y, No X is Y, and Some X is Yas the four categorical sentences and claims that all assertions support be analyzed into categorical sentences. T hat means that all assertions we stupefy ordure be reinterpreted as categorical sentences and so can be fit into syllogisms. If all our assertions can be read as premises or conclusions to miscellaneous syllogisms, it follows that the syllogism is the frame take to the woods of all abstract thought.Any valid argument must memorise the form of a syllogism, so Aristotles work in analyzing syllogisms provides a footing for analyzing all arguments. Aristotle analyzes all forty-eight possible kinds of syllogisms that can be constructed from categorical sentences and shows that fourteen of them are valid. In On Interpretation,Aristotle extends his analysis of the syllogism to understand modal logic, that is, sentences containing the words possibly ornecessarily. He is not as roaring in his analysis, but the analysis does bring to light at least(prenominal) one substantial problem.It would seem that all past events necessarily all happened or did not happen, meaning that at tha t place are no events in the past that possibly happened and possibly did not happen. By contrast, we tend to hypothesise of many future events as possible and not necessary. But if mortal had made a prediction yesterday virtually what would happen tomorrow, that prediction, be safari it is in the past, must already be necessarily true or necessarily false, meaning that what depart happen tomorrow is already fixed by necessity and not just initiative.Aristotles answer to this problem is unclear, but he seems to reject the fatalist idea that the future is already fixed, suggesting sooner that statements about the future cannot be both true or false. Organon The structure of Knowledge analysis The Categories, traditionally interpreted as an introduction to Aristotles logical work, divides all of earthnessness into ten categories. These ten categories are as follows Substance, which in this context means what someaffair is infixedly (e. g. , world, rock) * Quantity (e. g . , ten feet, quint liters) * Quality (e.g. , sour, obvious).* Relation (e. g. , double, to the right of) * Location (e. g. , New York, home plate) * clock condemnation (e. g. , yesterday, four oclock) * Position (e. g. , sitting, standing) * Possession (e. g. , wearing shoes, has a dreary coat) * Doing (e. g. , running, smiling) * Undergoing (e. g. , organism run into, organism smiled at) Of the ten, Aristotle count ons meaning to be primary, be score we can believe of a substance without, for example, any given qualities but we cannot conceive of a quality except as it pertains to a particular substance.One important conclusion from this division into categories is that we can make no widely distributed statements about organism as a whole because in that respect are ten very different ways in which something can have being. thither is no common ground betwixt the kind of being that a rock has and the kind of being that the color blue has. Aristotles ferocity on the sy llogism leads him to conceive of knowledge as hierarchically structured, a claim that he fleshes out in the Posterior Analytics. To have knowledge of a detail, it is not enough simply to be able to repeat the fact.We must also be able to give the reasons wherefore that fact is true, a process that Aristotle calls demonstration. Demonstration is inseparablely a progeny of showing that the fact in question is the conclusion to a valid syllogism. If some accuracys are premises that can be used to prove different truths, those first truths are logically preceding to the truths that follow from them. Ultimately, on that point must be one or several first rulers, from which all other truths follow and which do not themselves follow from anything.However, if these first article of beliefs do not follow from anything, they cannot count as knowledge because on that point are no reasons or premises we can give to prove that they are true. Aristotle suggests that these first conven tions are a kind of intuition of the universals we recognize in experience. Aristotle believes that the objects of knowledge are also structured hierarchically and conceives of comment as largely a process of division. For example, suppose we want to define human.First, we note that human beings are animals, which is the genus to which they be wide. We can then take note of respective(a) differentia, which distinguish humans from other animals. For example, humans walk on two legs, different tigers, and they deficiency feathers, unlike birds. Given any term, if we can decree its genus and then identify the differentia that distinguish it from other things within its genus, we have given a definition of that term, which amounts to giving an account of its nature, or essence.Ultimately, Aristotle identifies five kinds of relationships a predicate can have with its subject a genus relationship (humans are animals) a differentia relationship (humans have two legs) a unique home relationship (humans are the only animals that can cry) a definition, which is a unique property that explains the nature or essence of the subject and an accident relationship, such as some humans have blue eyes, where the relationship does not hold necessarily. date true knowledge is all descended from knowledge of first principles, actual argument and debate is much elfin pristine.When two people argue, they need not go back to first principles to ground every claim but must simply find premises they both agree on. The trick to debate is to find premises your inverse leave agree to and then show that conclusions contrary to your opponents position follow necessarily from these premises. The Topicsdevotes a great pick out of attention to classifying the kinds of conclusions that can be drawn from different kinds of premises, whereas the Sophistical Refutations explores various logical tricks used to deceive people into accepting a wrong(p) line of reasoning. Physics suppor ts 1-4.The Physics opens with an investigation into the principles of nature. At root, there must be a certain number of canonic principles at work in nature, according to which all natural processes can be explained. All diverge or process involves something coming to be from out of its reversal. Something comes to be what it is by acquiring its distinctive formfor example, a baby aims an adult, a sow in becomes a mature plant, and so on. Since this the baby or the inseminate were working toward this form all along, the form itself (the idea or kind of the mature specimen) must have goed onwards the baby or seed actually matured.Thus, the form must be one of the principles of nature. Another principle of nature must be the privation or absence of this form, the reversal out of which the form came into being. Besides form and privation, there must be a third principle, matter, which remains constant throughout the process of variety show. If energy remains idempotent wh en something undergoes a mixed bag, then there would be no thing that we could say underwent the change. So there are three basic principles of nature matter, form, and privation.For example, a persons education involves the form of being educated, the privation of being ignorant, and the underlying matter of the person who makes the change from ignorance to education. This conceive of the principles of nature resolves many of the problems of earlier philosophers and suggests that matter is conserved though its form may change, the underlying matter involved in changes remains constant. veer takes place according to four different kinds of cause. These causes are closer to what we might call explanations they explain in different ways why the change came to pass.The four causes are (1) textile cause, which explains what something is made of (2) clump cause, which explains the form or pattern to which a thing corresponds (3) efficient cause, which is what we ordinarily mean by c ause, the original source of the change and (4) final cause, which is the intended purpose of the change. For example, in the making of a house, the material cause is the materials the house is made of, the formal cause is the architects plan, the efficient cause is the process of edifice it, and the final cause is to provide shelter and comfort.Natural objects, such as plants and animals, differ from artificial objects in that they have an internal source of change. All the causes of change in artificial objects are found outside the objects themselves, but natural objects can cause change from within. Aristotle rejects the idea that chance constitutes a fifth cause, similar in nature to the other four. We normally babble out about chance in reference to coincidences, where two separate events, which had their accept causes, coincide in a way that is not explained by either set of causes.For instance, two people might both have their sustain reasons for being in a certain place at a certain snip, but neither of these sets of reasons explains the coincidence of both people being there at the same measure. Final causes apply to nature as much as to art, so everything in nature serves a profitable purpose. Aristotle argues against the views both of Democritus, who thinks that necessity in nature has no profitable purpose, and of Empedocles, who holds an evolutionary view according to which only those combinations of living parts that are useful have managed to survive and re originate themselves.If Democritus were right, there would be as many useless aspects of nature as there are useful, while Empedocles possible action does not explain how random combinations of parts could come together in the first place. Books III and IV examine some implicit in(p) concepts of nature, outset with change, and then treating eternity, place, void, and time. Aristotle defines change as the actuality of that which populates latently, in so far as it is potentially this actuality. That is, change rests in the potential of one thing to become another.In all cases, change comes to pass through contact amongst an agent and a patient, where the agent imparts its form to the patient and the change itself takes place in the patient. Either affirming or denying the beingness of infinity leads to certain contradictions and paradoxes, and Aristotle finds an slick solution by distinguishing between potential and actual infinities. He argues that there is no such thing as an actual infinity infinity is not a substance in its own right, and there are neither unnumberedly large objects nor an outer space number of objects.However, there are potential infinities in the sense that, for example, an immortal could theoretically sit flock and count up to an non-finitely large number but that this is unsufferable in practice. Time, for example, is a potential infinity because it potentially extends forever, but no one who is counting time will ever coun t an infinite number of minutes or days. Aristotle asserts that place has a being autarkic of the objects that occupy it and denies the existence of empty topographic pip, or void.Place must be independent of objects because otherwise it would make no sense to say that different objects can be in the same place at different times. Aristotle defines place as the limits of what contains an object and determines that the place of the earth is at the marrow squash and the place of the heavens as at the periphery. Aristotles arguments against the void make a number of fundamental errors. For example, he assumes that heavier objects fall faster than igniter ones.From this assumption, he argues that the speed of a falling object is directly comparative to an objects weight and inversely proportional to the density of the medium it travels through. Since the void is a medium of zero density, that would mean that an object would fall infinitely fast through a void, which is an absurdi ty, so Aristotle concludes that there cannot be such a thing as a void. Aristotle closely identifies time with change. We register that time has passed only by registering that something has changed.In other words, time is a measure of change just as space is a measure of distance. Just as Aristotle denies the possibility of empty space, or void, Aristotle denies the possibility of empty time, as in time that passes without anything happening. Physics Books 5-8 Summary in that location are three kinds of change generation, where something comes into being destruction, where something is destroyed and variation, where some designate of a thing is changed while the thing itself remains constant.Of the ten categories Aristotle describes in the Categories (see previous summary of the Organon), change can take place only in respect of quality, quantity, or location. Change itself is not a substance and so it cannot itself have any properties. Among other things, this means that change s themselves cannot change. Aristotle discusses the ways in which two changes may be the same or different and argues also that no two changes are opposites, but rather that rest is the opposite of change. Time, space, and movement are all continuous, and there are no fundamental units beyond which they cannot be shared out.Aristotle reasons that movement must be continuous because the alternate(a)that objects make infinitesimally small jumps from one place to another without occupying the intermediate spaceis absurd and counterintuitive. If an object moves from back breaker A to point B, there must be a time at which it is moving from point A to point B. If it is simply at point A at one instant and point B at the next, it cannot properly be utter to have moved from the one to the other. If movement is continuous, then time and space must also be continuous, because continuous movement would not be possible if time and space consisted of discrete, indiscrete atoms.Among the co nnected discussions of change, rest, and continuity, Aristotle argues Zenos four famous paradoxes. The first is the dichotomy paradox to get to any point, we must first travel half(a)way, and to get to that halfway point, we must travel half of that halfway, and to get to half of that halfway, we must first travel a half of the half of that halfway, and so on infinitely, so that, for any given distance, there is always a smaller distance to be covered first, and so we can never start moving at all.Aristotle answers that time can be divided just as infinitely as space, so that it would take infinitely little time to cover the infinitely little space needed to get started. The second paradox is called the Achilles paradox supposing Achilles is hasten a tortoise and gives the tortoise a head start. Then by the time Achilles reaches the point the tortoise started from, the tortoise will have advanced a certain distance, and by the point Achilles advances that certain distance, the t ortoise will have advanced a bit farther, and so on, so that it seems Achilles will never be able to catch up with, let alone pass, the tortoise.Aristotle responds that the paradox assumes the existence of an actual infinity of points between Achilles and the tortoise. If there were an actual infinitythat is, if Achilles had to take account of all the infinite points he passed in catching up with the tortoiseit would indeed take an infinite amount of time for Achilles to pass the tortoise. However, there is only a potential infinity of points between Achilles and the tortoise, meaning that Achilles can cover the infinitely many points between him and the tortoise in a finite amount of time so long as he does not take account of each point along the way.The third and fourth paradoxes, called the arrow paradox and the scene of action paradox, respectively, are more obscure, but they seem to aim at proving that time and space cannot be divided into atoms. This is a position that Arist otle already agrees with, so he takes less trouble over these paradoxes. Aristotle argues that change is eternal because there cannot be a first cause of change without assuming that that cause was itself uncaused. Living things can cause change without something external acting on them, but the source of this change is internal thoughts and desires, and these thoughts and desires are provoked by external stimuli.Arguing that time is infinite, Aristotle reasons that there cannot be a conclusion cause, since time cannot exist without change. Next, Aristotle argues that everything that changes is changed by something external to itself. Even changes within a single animal consist of one part of the animal changing another part. Aristotles reflections on cause and change lead him in the end to posit the existence of a divine unmoved mover. If we were to follow a series of causes to its source, we would find a first cause that is either an unchanged changer or a self-changing changer .Animals are the best examples of self-changers, but they constantly come into being and pass away. If there is an eternal succession of causes, there needs to be a first cause that is also eternal, so it cannot be a self-changing animal. Since change is eternal, there must be a single cause of change that is itself eternal and continuous. The primary kind of change is movement and the primary kind of movement is circular, so this first cause must cause circular movement. This circular movement is the movement of the heavens, and it is caused by some first cause of infinite power that is above the material world.The circular movement of the heavens is then in turn the cause of all other change in the sublunary world. Metaphysics Books Alpha-Epsilon Knowledge consists of particular truths that we learn through experience and the general truths of art and science. Wisdom consists in understanding the most general truths of all, which are the fundamental principles and causes that gove rn everything. philosophy provides the deepest understanding of the world and of divinity by pursuing the sense of admire we feel toward reality.There are four kinds of cause, or rather kinds of explanation, for how things are (1) the material cause, which explains what a thing is made of (2) the formal cause, which explains the form a thing assumes (3) the efficient cause, which explains the process by which it came into being and (4) the final cause, which explains the end or purpose it serves. The explanations of earlier philosophers have conformed to these four causes but not as coherently and systematically as Aristotles formulation.Aristotle acknowledges that Platos hypothesis of Forms gives a strong account of the formal cause, but it fails to prove that Forms exist and to explain how objects in the physical world participate in Forms. Book Alpha the Lesser addresses some questions of method. Though we all have a natural aptitude for thinking philosophically, it is very di fficult to philosophize well. The particular method of study depends on the subject being studied and the inclinations of the students.The important thing is to have a firm grasp of method forward proceeding, whatever the method. The best method is that of mathematics, but this method is not adequate for subjects where the objects of study are prone to change, as in science. Most reasoning involves causal chains, where we investigate a phenomenon by studying its causes, and then the cause of those causes, and so on. This method would be unworkable if there were infinitely long causal chains, but all causal chains are finite, meaning that there must be an uncaused first cause to every chain.Book Beta consists of a series of fifteen metaphysical puzzles on the nature of first principles, substance, and other fundamental concepts. In each case, Aristotle presents a thesis and a contradicting antithesis, both of which could be taken as answers to the puzzle. Aristotle himself provides no answers to the puzzles but rather takes them as examples of extreme positions between which he will try to mediate throughout the rest of the Metaphysics. Book Gamma asserts that philosophy, oddly metaphysics, is the study of being qua being.That is, while other sciences investigate limited aspects of being, metaphysics investigates being itself. The study of being qua being amounts to the search into first principles and causes. Being itself is primarily identified with the idea of substance, but also with unity, plurality, and a variety of other concepts. Philosophy is also concerned with logic and the principles of demonstration, which are supremely general, and consequently concerned with being itself. The most fundamental principle is the principle of noncontradiction nix can both be something and not be that same something.Aristotle defends this principle by arguing that it is impossible to contradict it coherently. Connected to the principle of non-contradiction is the principle of the excluded middle, which states that there is no middle position between two inappropriate positions. That is, a thing is either x or not-x, and there is no third possibility. Book Gamma concludes with an attack on several general claims of earlier philosophers that everything is true, that everything is false, that everything is at rest, and that everything is in motion.Book Delta consists of the definitions of about forty terms, some of which feature prominently in the rest of the Metaphysics, such as principle, cause, nature, being, and substance. The definitions ascertain precisely how Aristotle uses these terms and often distinguish between different uses or categories of the terms. Book Epsilon opens by distinguishing philosophy from the sciences not just on the basis of its generality but also because philosophy, unlike the sciences, takes itself as a subject of inquiry. The sciences can be divided into practical, productive, and theoretical.The theoretical sciences can be divided further into physics, mathematics, and theology, or first philosophy, which studies first principles and causes. We can look at being in four different ways inadvertent being, being as truth, the category of being, and being in actuality and strength. Aristotle considers the first two in book Epsilon and examines the category of being, or substance, in books Zeta and Eta, and being in actuality and capableness in book Theta. Accidental being covers the kinds of properties that are not essential to a thing described.For example, if a man is musical, his musicality is accidental since being musical does not define him as a man and he would chill out be a man even if he were not musical. Accidental being must have a kind of accidental causation, which we might associate with chance. That is, there is no necessary reason why a musical man is musical, but rather it just so happens by chance that he is musical. Being as truth covers judgments that a given propo sition is true. These sorts of judgments involve mental acts, so being as truth is an affection of the mind and not a kind of being in the world.Because accidental being is random and being as truth is only mental, they fall outside the realm of philosophy, which deals with more fundamental kinds of being. Metaphysics Books Zeta-Eta Summary Referring back to his logical work in the Categories, Aristotle opens book Zeta by take a firm stand that substance is the primary category of being. Instead of considering what being is, we can consider what substance is. Aristotle first rejects the idea that substance is the ultimate substrate of a thing, that which remains when all its accidental properties are stripped away.For example, a clink is more fundamental than the color brown or the property of pilosity that are associated with it. However, if we strip away all the properties that a dog possesses, we filch up with a substrate with no properties of its own. Since this substrate has no properties, we can say nothing about it, so this substrate cannot be substance. Instead, Aristotle suggests that we consider substance as essence and concludes that substances are species. The essence of a thing is that which makes it that thing.For example, being noetic is an essential property of being human, because a human without rationality ceases to be human, but being musical is not an essential property of being human, because a human without musical skill is still human. Individual people, or dogs, or tables, contain a mixture of essential and inessential properties. Species, on the other handfor instance, people in general, dogs in general, or tables in generalcontain only essential properties. A substance can be given a definition that does not presuppose the existence of anything else.A gash, for example, is not a substance, because we would define a snub as a concave nose, so our definition of snub presupposes the existence of noses. A proper definition of a thin g will list only its essential properties, and Aristotle asserts that only substances have essential properties or definitions. A snub nose, by contrast, has only accidental propertiesproperties like fervour or largeness that may hold of some snubs but not of alland per se propertiesproperties like concavity, which necessarily holds of all snubs but which is not essential.Physical objects are composites of form and matter, and Aristotle identifies substance with form. The matter of an object is the pinch that makes it up, whereas the form is the shape that stuff takes. For example, the matter in a tan sphere is the bronze itself, and the form is the spherical shape. Aristotle argues that form is primary because form is what gives each thing its distinctive nature. Aristotle has argued that the definitions of substances cannot presuppose the existence of anything else, which raises the question of how there can be a definition that does not presuppose the existence of anything els e.Presumably, a definition divides a whole into its constituent partsfor example, a human is defined as a rational animalwhich suggests that a substance must in some way presuppose the existence of its constituent parts. Aristotle distinguishes between those cases where the parts of an object or definition are prior to the whole and those cases where the whole is prior to the parts. For example, we cannot understand the parts of a circle without first understanding the concept of circle as a whole on the other hand, we cannot understand the whole of a syllable before we understand the letters that constitute its parts.Aristotle argues that, in the case of substance, the whole is prior to the parts. He has earlier associated substance with form and suggests that we cannot make sense of matter before we can conceive of its form. To say a substance can be divided by its definition is like saying a physical object can be divided into form and matter this conceptual distinction is possib le, but form and matter constitute an indivisible whole, and neither can exist without the other. Similarly, the parts of a definition of a substance are conceptually distinct, but they can only exist when they are joined in a substance.Having identified substance with essence, Aristotle attacks the view that substances are universals. This attack becomes effectively an attack on Platos speculation of Forms, and Aristotle argues forcefully that universal Forms cannot exist prior to the individual instances of them or be properly defined and so cannot play any role in science, let alone a fundamental role. He also argues against the clue that substances can be genus categories, like animal or plant. Humans and horses, unlike animals, have the property of thisness the words human and horse pick out a particular kind of thing, whereas nothing particular is picked out by animal. Genuses are thus not specific enough to qualify as substances. Book Eta contains a number of loosely connec ted points elaborating Aristotles views on substance. Aristotle associates an objects matter with its potentiality and its form with its actuality. That is, matter is potentially a certain kind of substance and becomes that substance in actuality when it takes on the form of that substance.By associating substance with form and actuality, Aristotle infers a further partnership between substance and differentia differentia are those qualities that distinguish one species in a genus from another. Book Eta also contains reflections on the nature of names, matter, number, and definition. Metaphysics Books Theta-Nu Summary Book Theta discusses potentiality and actuality, considering these concepts first in regard to process or change. When one thing, F, changes into another, G, we can say that F is G in potentiality, while G is G in actuality.F changes into G only if some other agent, H, acts on it. We say that H has active potentiality and F has passive potentiality. electric potentia l can be either rational or irrational, depending on whether the change is effected by a rational agent or happens naturally. Aristotle distinguishes rational potentiality from irrational potentiality, saying that rational potentiality can produce opposites. For example, the rational potentiality of medicine can produce either health or sickness, whereas the irrational potentiality of heating can produce only heat and not cold.All potentialities must eventually be complete if a potentiality never becomes an actuality, then we do not call it a potentiality but an impossibility. A potentiality is also determinate, meaning that it is the potential for a particular actuality and cannot realize some other actuality. While irrational potentialities are automatically triggered when active and passive potentialities come together, this is not the case with rational potentialities, as a rational agent can choose to withhold the realization of the potentiality even though it can be realized. Aristotle identifies actuality with form, and hence substance, while identifying matter with potentiality. An uncarved piece of wood, for example, is a potential statue, and it becomes an actual statue when it is carved and thus acquires the form of a statue. activity is an actuality, but there are such things as incomplete actions, which are also the potentiality for further actions.

Women in an Inferior position in China

The view of wo workforce in china may cast off changed everywhere the years entirely they all keep back lived in a manly dominated world. The past has been like some polishs, in the legal and heathenish suppression of women. The culture of chinas past has placed women as a remote inferior position to men. In this environment gaining power and rights was extremely difficult. notwithstanding this there ar stories of important and powerful women in chinas history. This is different than many cultures of the world where the suppression of womens rights was total by means of their history.The culture has become much open to womens rights over the years, allowing for more power and more control for them as they years went on. Education has slowly been allowed along with greater human rights. new(a) women argon allowed to travel, be educated, marry and be the sole wife. They super acidly act in politics, as well as all other field of work. Women of modern times in china h ave greater possibilities and less limitations, but social occasions be not perfect, there is still a kind bias lingering from past inequality.The women of chinas past lived in an intensely antheral dominated world. Men dominated china both in uprightness and in culture. Legally women were in servitude to men in the forms of marriage polygamy was common practice for men. For the most part women did not ever go in in the governing of the country. at that place were Dynasties that were less conservative, women were allowed more power at times. This is certify by the notice of Empress Wu. She rose to power from the status of concubine to rule china. This was more exceptional rather than the rule. When the Sung dynasty took over, men dominated again. each ability of women to gain political power was interpreted away.It is in the culture that the real supremacy can be seen. Without this the legal repression would not have happened. Many practices reinforced the view that wome n were inferior. From basic philosophy, Yin and Yang, equated, darkness to women and light to men. The beliefs of Confucianism circulate tongue to that women werent meant to do outdoor work, thus construing them as weak and inferior. The idea of having them not do outdoor work was reinforced by the practice of innovation binding. Again started in the Sung dynasty, this practice along with the other preferences on the appearance of women objectified them and put barriers on what women could do or be. Women were seen as property, as seen by the practice of concubines and polygamy those of high status had many women and having many sons was an redden higher symbol of status.Despite these legal and heathen blocks on women, the domination was not total. There were many female figures that were looked up to and honored, both known and real women. At times the culture changed enough to allow women to participate in politics, and more rights were given to them. Powerful women of the p ast were looked up to and revered. The business leader Mother of the West was mixed with legend and history, but she was worship at times by men. Other legends indicate that women could be seeed. Although Disney has probably deformed it a bit, the legend of Mulan withal by being passed down shows a respect for women.Not only legends were respected. There were several times in the past that women have risen to power Empress Zhen (AD 182) was fought over and had power through her beauty and high status. Other women had even more power, Empress Wu, actually had power, and rule china for a time.The culture of chinas past has surpressed women, through its culture and laws, with truncated periods of cultural change, in which women gained rights and respect were brief and followed by periods which they were again taken away. These limitations on women, were reinforced by the isolation that china had, continuing into the 20th century this isolation prevented women from leaving if th ey could not stand their situation. Despite the a couple of(prenominal) legendary women the opportunities for advancement or power for women were few and difficult.Things have changed in recent times. Women atomic number 18 gaining power and rights in modern times. There are world(prenominal) groups protecting their rights as well. The first good example of this is in the ways of marriage. Arranged marriages, and those for money are no longer the norm. They are allowed to maintain their own names with marriage. Without this they are did not have as much of a separate identity. Also in modern times, women have gained the rights of inheritance from their families, equal to that of their brothers. Other aspects of women in marriage have changed. They are not as expected to bear children, and the culture is changing to give them a voice in this decision.In the areas of employment, there are opportunities as well. Women now make up 38 percent of the total workforce. In most major(ip) parts of the work force women play a part. Women even play a part in politics, representing a major part of their official government. These women are not legendary, or exceptional. It is just trustworthy and considered normal.Women have made advances in the field of education as well. illiteracy among women has fallen as well and education is accepted. Women are allowed in universities and even given funding to continue education.These opportunities, encouraged by many international organizations are also backed by Chinese law. The law states1.Equal rights for men and women. The Constitution stipulates that Women enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres of life, political, economic, cultural and social, including family life2.Protection of special rights and inte last outs of women and 3.Banning of any discrimination, maltreatment and persecution directed at women.In addition Other laws have been enacted concerning their rights. These explicitly state aspects of life that women are equal to men. For example equal, equal votes, and rights to political power, freedom, and protection.These laws being stated are the only thing that I can see evidencing that there are not equal opportunities for women. The fact that they have to be stated so explicitly probably indicates a problem. It is difficult to find out what the cultural views of women are from the outside, but it appears that they have all the major opportunities that men do and that their power is increasing. One thing that has really changed is in the area of the world. There is the opportunity to leave the country and go to another culture.Granted the rest of the world is still mostly male dominated in culture, but the opportunity to emigrate is still there. The only lingering restrictions are from tradition. procrastinating views of women as being inferior are probably the only thing that could keep them back now. These things can be seen through the increasingly seldom seen practices of mail order brides and foot binding. In addition, I came across a large industry of pornography featuring Chinese women when searching for information. These things limit the respect that women have in society.The opportunities for women have grow through history. Starting from the genitive case view of women, giving them no rights, and giving men utter control, has changed in recent history to the to allow women more power, rights and education. Women have had their limits striped away, partially with law and partly through changing culture. The physical limitations have at rest(p) as well. The opportunities for travel have grown as well, the world is more open, and the ability to find a place more accepting exists. With less limitations, opportunities for women are increasing.

Life Payments Essay

It is 1033 AM. You are awaken abruptly from your alarm. You prepare yourself for the twenty-four hours ahead. The day has been going well so far. It is now 1225 PM. You stair into your vehicle hoping to stop at the best burger place in townsfolk for lunch. The preceding are the last thing you remember when you wake up cold, sweaty, and drowsy from your stupor. Changing perspectives, you are a family member now. Your brother has been in a horrific car accident and is in a asphyxia for thirteen days now. How will you channelise with him? How will you tell him that you rage him and are here for him?Most importantly, how do you know that he is compose alive? For those who dont know, a fainting is a relentless vegetative earth, to a fault known as PVS. Coma is also delimit as a state of almost total unresponsiveness to remote stimulation in which the patient lies with his eyes closed. It is a condition in which the normal cognitive and communicative functioning of the patient is hampered. A coma may occur for various reasons, such as intoxication, CNS (central uneasy system) diseases, a serious injury, and hypoxia (oxygen deprivation).But there have been a subjugate of cases across the world like the theoretical account mentioned above. A 26-year-old patient named Kate Bainbridge had a viral infection which had put her in a coma a condition that gener eithery persists for two to four weeks, after which patients die, recover to the full or, in rare cases, slip into a vegetative or a minimally conscious state. (Tutton) And there is most notably Rom Houben, also known as Patient 23. Allan Hall reports Alive but unresponsive, he has been in a coma for 23 years since he has been 24 years old. Ongoing research in the field of comatose talk has name out that there may be small islands of consciousness, nonetheless in persistent vegetative states, like such in Houbens case.And this is how, through comatose communication and other methods such as fMRIs, they were fit to conclude that Houben was still alive in his body. This could be another example of how the conscious is separate from the physical body. So why should you care? How shadow coma study help patients, families, and caregivers? Coma work furthers the internal and impertinent ommunication of patients in altered consciousness.This can aid patients to complete inner work and spontaneously receive closer to the surface, and at times even all the elan out of coma or other altered consciousness. With metabolic comas emergence can be quick and dramatic. Mark Tutton, an author at CNN. com, reports a study carried out last year on 103 patients by Laureys and his colleagues at Lieges Coma Science Group found that 41 percent of patients in a Minimally Conscious introduce (MCS) were misdiagnosed as being in the much more serious vegetal State (VS).Dr. Daniel Hanley, professor of neurology at Johns Hopkins Medicine, in Maryland, told CNN that VS is a coma-like state in which patients have a sleep and wake cycle, and can commemorate reflex chewing, swallowing and blinking, but dont respond to language or stimulation. With coma from traumatic brain injury and other causes, progress is unremarkably slow, but measurable. Progress can be accelerated if the awareness for coma communication is heightened.Families and caregivers are often relieved to find ways to communicate with loved ones and clients about treatment options, life and death decisions, and love and individualized connection. Family and caregivers often feel validated about their perceptions of subtle cues they have noticed. forthwith put the shoe on the other foot and imagine if you yourself were to be in a coma today. Wouldnt you like a way to tell your family that you are alive, are ready to fight through it and come out of your PVS state? Surely yes.

Pride and Prejudice †Letters to Alice Essay

The comparative study of Fay Weldons non fiction text garner to Alice and Jane Austens comedy of manners communicatory Pride and Prejudice detect connections between the authors in their desire to express their personalised rate and beliefs with and by dint of the vehicle of their fictional cases. Exploration of connections much(prenominal) as the value of lit and the lives of wo workforce in different societies presented in the texts heighten our understanding of the composers contexts and the set they wish to pass on through their writing.The shargond aspects of the form of both texts such as the use of garners and the fictitious framework of Weldons letter To Alice leads a connection through which the enterers place appreciate the value Austen and Weldon prove to express. Austens comedy of manners explores her patriarchal, provincial nineteenth century side world which is satirically commented on by Weldon as she expresses her own autonomous success, displaying th e changing nature of hostel and the empowerment of women through her character aunty Fay, a second wave feminist and a successful and free-lance writer.Moreover the character of Aunt Fay high sportsmanlikes the stark contrast between the redbrick world in which trade union becomes a focus of love and merriment as opposed to the 19th century unavoidableness for financial security measures which left women at the mercy of men. I am not wild-eyedI ask only a comfortable home I am convinced that my chance of happiness is as fair as most people can boast on entering the sum state. Charlottes direct idiom epitomizes the marriage of Charlotte Lucas and Mr. Collins, a marriage of necessity for pragmatic Charlotte who reflects the general feeling of young women and her desire for a financially secure, appropriate marriage, a trait which is condemned by Austen through Elizabeths disapproval and her branding of the marriage as unequal.Weldons narrative however appreciates Charlo tte Lucas financial situation, despite the fact Aunt Fay and niece Alice are in no way required to marry, reflecting that to marry was a great bread, the objectification of women and marriage through the oun prize displays Weldons understanding of the financial pitch and importance marriage carried to young women like Charlotte. Weldon also comments on Mrs. white avensts understanding of the situation facing her daughters, Mrs. Bennett, the only one with the slightest notion of the bluff desperation of the world, displaying to the reader that in fact Austen through Elizabeth presents an original and unrealistic picture of a young womans self-reliance with marriage through her insistence of finding love before marriage.In a comparative the study of an older valued text and a contemporary appropriation the connections established between the texts enhance our understanding of values and attitudes in each society as easily as the personal beliefs conveyed by the author. Through Weldons 20th century appropriation of Austens epistolary structure Aunt Fay highlights the values of Literature within 19th century English society and our contemporary world. Fay Weldon connects to Pride and Prejudice through her exploration of Austens rural English societies attitudes and her values toward education and lit.In so doing, her commentary on Austens gentrified society and the value of literature takes a 20th century perspective. My dear Alice, it was good to get your letteryour doing a college course in English Literature (Specifically) and obliged to read Jane Austen and you find her boring. Weldons 1st person ironic fib in the form of letters highlights Alices 20th century engagement to study the big L and reveals the novels connection with Austens narrative.Weldon expresses her own discernment on literature through the imagery in the extended fiction of the City of Invention, which allows her to highlight her value of the literary cannon. This provides a vehicl e through which Fay Weldon is able to express her own visualises on the value of good literature which she expresses as a medium through which readers can admirelearnmarvel and explore. Moreover, Weldon fights that literature must and does rest integral through the use of the religious language in the rhyming couplet, only persistsall in all to thee expressing the importance of literature through sacred language.Her insistence on the enlightenment literature can provide through its enduring success and enjoyment contrasts with her view of Alices generations fixation with film and television, which in her opinion can never enlighten. Weldons opinion of the values of good literature are also reflected through Darcys condescending belief in a womans improvement of her mind by extensive course session material which makes her an accomplished woman and ready for marriage. Here the direct speech of Darcy displays the value of both literature and reading to regency period, gentrified s ociety as well as the value this society placed on educated people, and women.Elizabeth Bennetts behavior and enjoyment of reading is contrasted against the superficial and hypocritical attitude of girlfriend Bingley whose attention was quite as much engaged in observance Mr. Darcys progress through his book as in reading her own, displaying Austens enduring respect for education and reading and as well as the value her society placed on the educated. Austen enhances this attitude through the contrast of characters actions in her social commentary by film those with an appreciation of literature in a positive and appropriate light whilst making out those who do not to be superficial and debase.Austen continues to convey her personal opinion of the institution of marriage through the study of assorted marriages in her novel Pride and Prejudice which gives an insight into the traits Austen valued in a successful marriage. Her portrayal of Lydia and Wickhams union as a match only b rought together because their passions were stronger than their virtue, expresses her opinion on the fickle nature of a marriage with no intellectual or deeper connection.This view is mirrored in the unequal marriage of both Mr. nd Mrs. Bennet and Charlotte Lucas to Mr. Collins, whose unions were based neither on intellect or love. Contrasting these un do marriages is the happy and lasting marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Gardner, and more poignantly the attitude of Elizabeth Bennett who could be neither happy nor respectable unless she esteemed her husband. Whilst Austen breaks conventions by cerebrate on love in marriage she maintains the importance of appropriate and entitled unions displaying her value of her 19th century values and manners.Dependency of women on men and family members and the constraints they faced from the stifling conventions and unquestioned values of their society, epitomized by the high modality, certain(prenominal) statements of Austen as the omniscient narr ator. It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good deal must be in want of a wife. This auctorial intrusion and informative sarcasm mocks the very rituals and accepted values of this society which confined and limited women and presents Austens own attitudes toward these conventions.She shows her value of the educated and commutative minded woman through Elizabeth Bennet and through herself as a single, successful pistillate writer. Aunt Fay defends this crusading zeal of Austen by maintaining that her form of transportation her message through her novels has in fact become more meaning(prenominal) in her belief that enlighten people and you enlighten society. She builds on these ideas of Austens novels changing the values and ideas of people and therefore societies toward women by presenting the character of Aunt Fay as the successful independent woman without the burden of the necessity of marriage for financial security.Aunt Fay suggests t hat women who are successful do not need to depend on men as they see done in the past, saying that Success kicks away the stool of masochism, on which female existence so often depends, this enhances our understanding of the changes in society that have led to the liberation of women and enhances our understanding of the personal values Weldon and Austen hold toward the social function of women.Through their novels and their own lives Fay Weldon and Jane Austen successfully express their own personal values and attitudes toward their societies. This desire to display their views and opinions connects the authors and highlights some of the key connections in their writing. Our understanding of these beliefs is heightened by an understanding of their contexts and an appreciation of the changes in society and the world.