Notes on the European Union

1) Key theoretical memory accesses to the European Integration accent Intellectual circumstance -? to down the stairsstand the theories of European integrating, it is important to consider the able context from which the idea of European consolidation emerged Federalism Altiero Spinelli -? -? -? -? -? Spinelli fleeter of the European amount of money of Federalists Idea after the Second World War, the classes most privileged under old raceal placement leave seek a peeled parade of nation call forths, that might appear democratic, b arely the major power exit return to the privileged classes eventually a? re younging war in the midst of solid grounds Proposal o prevent this study, create a federal European state to subordinate field goernings to a federal authority a? strategy of the Federalists, aimed to create a federal constitution for Europe exploitation Congress took time to organize, taken place in Hague in 1948. By that time, content political systems were already re-? established a? Congress sour into the Council of Europe, non a new federal constitutional order puzzle diversity of Europe, different connotations in different part of Europe Mitrany natural in Romania, lived in UK and US, to build a working peace system, influencing desegregation heorists Against federalism b/c o Single world government = threat to individual freedom o Regional federations = reproducing field rivalries on a larger scale Idea root of the war = patriotism Proposal create a separate internationalist functional agencies, severally(prenominal) with authority over specific argona of human life o Scheme individual tasks taken out of the take of the government, handing them to the functional agencies o Argument Governments ordain surr subverter control because they will not devotion the loss of reign over e. g. health care, but rather cherish the advantages of such tasks performed at the egional/world take o a? the much areas of control su rrounded, the less states are capable of independent action a? the harder it is to break from the agencies Jean Monnet patternner of a Schuman Plan Combining ideas of functionalism and federalism, essential for the neofunctionalist speculation of European desegregation Functionalism David Mitrany -? -? -? -? Functional-? Federalism Jean Monnet -? -? -? -? Idea European nation state is inadequate as an stinting unit Proposal developing of supranational institutions as the basis for building sparing community ( blacken and make at the beginning) o Scheme remove ontrol of the strategically crucial industries (ember and poise) from the governments, handing over to a free-? standing fashion (High Authority) o Challenge Western German State o Solution strategic industries removed from German control ensuring adequate supplies of coal for the French steel industry a? economies are interconnected Theories Neofuncionalism Ernst Haas -? -? -? -? -? Pluralist theory state not a v irtuoso corporate actor, neither it is the only actor on the international stage (non-? state actors also important) Integration = process, once started, would undermine the sovereignty of states eyond the expectations of governments Activities of states = outcome of pluralistic political process, in which government decisions are influenced by the disport groups and bureaucratic actors European Commission = most important non-? state international actor, manipulating national and international pressures on national governments to advance to process of European integration Mechanisms of the integration o Spillover ? Integration in one sector will cause integration in still sectors, in order to full enjoy the benefits of the integration of the original sector 1. Functional spillover Economies made up of nterconnected parts a? infeasible to isolate one sector from others If MS integrated one sector of the economies, the interconnectedness between the sectors will lead to a spil lover into other sectors Integration in one sector will work only if the interconnected sector is also integrated E. g. change magnitude coal production across MS requires brining other forms of energy into the scheme. Otherwise, transmutation by one MS away from coal towards e. g. oil or nuclear fuel will throw out all the calculations for coal production 2. Political spillover Building up political pressure in favor of further integration Once ne sector is integrated, lobbying of interest groups occurs at supranational level (the organization in charge of streak that sector) -? -? Groups will appreciate the benefits as a result of integration, realizing the barriers preventing these benefits from being full enjoyed (not integrating other sectors) a? advocating further integration and lobbying the governments E. g. ECSC makes the representatives it the coal and steel industry switching the lobby activities (partly) from national governments to the new supranational agency (High Authority) o Technocratic automaticity ? Institutions created will sponsor urther integration as they become more than powerful and autonomous than member states Assessment of the theory o mid-fifties neofunctionalism = winning theory explaining the transition from the ECSC into EC o 1960s the end of neofunctionalism Empty Chair Crisis (1965 1966) Gaulles veto national governments showing power they are ready to use to determine the nature and pace of integration Aspects to be considered theory not always applicable o Pluralist kind structures ? Member states must be democratic o Substantial economic and industrial development ? A certain level of development no signifi peckt gap among hem o Common ideology among dynamic units ? No centrally curriculumned economies Mistakes of neofunctionalism o Regional integration is not a self-? contained process, but influence by a wider international context o Governments are uniquely powerful actors as they had formal sovereign ty and democratic legitimacy o integration in low politics, not high politics (national security, defense) as states tend to protect their sovereignty (advocated by French in 1950) national government controls the nature and pace of integration in order to protect and promote national interest acknowledges the immenseness of other ctors than governments o low politics (e. g. social policy) interest groups did influence, but were no the only ones also government officials, parties in office rejects the theory of spillover effects rejects the idea of common security policy, foreign policy or common armed forces power of supranational institutions increased because governments believed it to be their national interest a? integration only as far as the government allows power to the European Council and Council of Europe Intergovernmentalism Stanley Hoffman -? -? -? -? -? -? -? Liberal intergovernmentalism Andrew Moravcsik -? -? ational interests = part of a domestic political proce ss, within which economic interests are dominant two-? level game o demand side ? political elites, lobbyist, interest groups are acting and forming the demand of the state a? domestic events influence the demands of state interests on the international level o supply side ? interacting of each state with conflicting interests on the level of intergovernmental sessions Council of Ministers 1st stage disturb agreement on the common policy 2nd stage acquire agreement on institutional arrangements supranational institutions reduce transactional costs more fficient to co-? exist a? institutions = tools, the main emphasis is on member states that can reduce the power of its supranational bodies Theory applied on dialog of the Treaties of Rome (1955 58), Consolidation of the common market and CAP (1958 83), negotiation of ocean (1984 88), negotiation of the conformity on EU (1988 91) a? conclusions 1. Decisions = reflection of the preferences of national governments, not pref erences of supranational organizations 2. National preferences = reflection of the balance of economic interests 3. delegation the power to the supranational authority means to ensure the ommitments of all parties, not a belief in the inherent efficiency of international organizations -? -? especial(a) Supranational governance Stone Sweet, Sandholtz -? -? EU not one international regimes, but a series of regimes Increased transactions across national borders would create supranational society that favored the creation of supranational rules (more innocent for operation) Multi-? level governance Gary Marks -? -? -? -? -? rather an approach EU as a political system with interconnected institutions existing at ninefold levels with unique features national government = important decisional role, upranational institutions = autonomic role multilevel actions by multilevel actors (lobbies, companies, parties, states, interest groups) at international, state and regional level a? no s uperior actor, they are equal many free-and-easy relations existing (European norms), that are respected by different actors theory does not address the issue of transferring sovereignty and loyalty Constructivism -? -? rather an approach advocate of Europeanization, establishing common norms, habits, culture to bring people together new social community (ministries with European department to synchronize the policies with the ones of he EU) recognizes multi-? level governance popular in EU 15 -? 2) Formation of 3 Communities in the context of economic and political developments in post-? WWII Europe ECSC 1952 Treaty of Paris EEC, EURATOM 1957 Treaty of Rome Motives for the formation of the Communities -? -? -? -? Reaction to the World Wars horrible example (lost lives) a? pursuance a peaceful and stable European environment, political and economic cooperation instead of competition Soviet threat cooperation blocks further Soviet expansion a? Cold war = catalyst for integra tion of western Europe Political willingness political ooperation and development replacing economic competition, viewed as a factor in the outbreak of wars o countries seeking cooperation for different reasons ? Germany, Italy seeking respectability ? France seeking security from Germany Economic development destroyed Europe undeniable reconstruction o Marshall plan (US interested in Europe) financing the reconstruction of Europe, establishing what is now known as OECD o Bretton Woods Conference ? 1944, 44 nations to talk about post-? war economic order ? GATT ? IMF (to regulate the international monetary and financial order a? stable exchange rate) SchumanFrench Foreign Minister plan in collaboration with Jean Monnet Key points o relations between France and Germany needs to be renewed o linking French and German coal and steel industry by placing under control of a supranational body a? making war unthinkable and materially impossible (coal and steel = needed to produce armam ents, thus capability of waging war) UK no relate in negotiations 1950 Schuman plan -? -? -? ECSC Treaty of Paris (1951/1952) -? -? -? reduce tariffs by portentous levies on coal and steel production failed to create a single market for coal and steel a? further step needed joined by