Engineering Ethics Essay

The responsibility of an engineer is to counter to a need through creating or building something according to the stipulated set of guidelines which performs a particular a given purpose. the creation ,plan or device should perform its stipulated functions without fail. However everything must eventually fail in some way to do its given functions in terms f the level of performance. Therefore engineers must always struggle to design their works in such a way that they avoid failure and more so a catastrophic failure which can lead to loss of property, loss of life or possible injury and damage towards the environmental user of that technology through the study and analysis of engineering disasters modern designers in engineering can how to create with little or no chances of failure and what no to do or what is referred to as engineering ethics. This essay is going to focus on the application of engineering ethics and the differences between a good engineer and a poor engineer. It is not a good argument to say that engineers should emulate the public in taking risks because the engineering failure is considered to be an engineering disaster through the public perception of risks. For example almost the same number of people die from airplanes, bicycles and trains but the public perception of the risks associated with air travel is always relatively higher than that of for bicycles and also trains. This is facilitated by the fact that there is much news reporting on airplane accidents and mishaps compared to the rail and road accidents also think it is not a good argument because most of the engineering disasters are considered to be human factors which include ethical failure. Design flaw is also another cause because they mainly result from unethical practices. I don’t think the argument is good because the deficiency in engineering ethics is perceived to be one of the derivation causes of engineering failure. This is because n engineer as a professional bears a responsibility to both the client, the employer, to the general public and to their profession. This means that they should perform their responsibilities in a very conscientious manner. This will not include only acting in the bound of the law but as a n ethical engineer he will try to always avoid conflicts of interest. To avoid this conflicts of interest the ethical engineer will avoid misrepresenting his knowledge by not accepting those jobs which are outside his area of expertise, by acting in the best ever interest of the environment and society, by fulfilling the terms of his contract or agreements explicitly and also by promoting the education of the young engineers in the his field. Many failures reported in engineering ethics usually have many legal consequences (Matscieng. sunysb. edu, 2003). There is a relationship between risk and safety in terms of management and assessment. For example risk management is perceived to be a process that is used to evaluate the probability of harm occurring and also the severity of that harm the results of this risk assessment can then be used to determine how work can be performed safely. If the risk is not acceptable decisions must be made on how supplementary protective measures that will assist in keeping the porkers safe. Safety audit on the other hand is a process that is used to determine whether or not the risk reduction strategy is reliable with the results of the results made during the risk reduction portion of the risk assessment process. Each risk reduction measure should be validated to ensure that is being in accordance with the decisions which are made during the risk assessment. Risk management includes the systematic use of the results of risk decisions when making decisions regarding the best practicable strategy that will be used inn protecting the workers form harm. On the other hand safety management is the system used in ensuring that the risk levels acquired during the risk management are maintained (Industrialsafetyintegration. com, 2008). When accidents occur investigations should be thoroughly done to ensure that the cause is detected. If the cause of the accidents found to have emanated from the designing or creation of the thing then the engineer who designed the thing will be responsible for the accident. One of the dues of diligence to be undertaken in this case include physical assessment test (PCA). PCAs assess the possible costs which will be acquired during the life of a loan. Major electrical, structural, site improvements, HVAC components, and plumbing of each structure are cautiously and totally examined for condition, completion status, general code conformance, sufficiency for their intended use, life cycle costs and extent of depreciation and defection. The other due diligence to be applied is the Probable Maximum Loss (PML). It evaluates the financial loss of a construction on firm soil owing to the vibratory shift from the maximum probable earthquake. PML can be customized to integrate effects of the site state and the value or quality of the building construction. The maximum feasible earthquake used to analyze this loss is defined as the event that has a 10% chance of exceedance in a 50-year disclosure or exposure period, commonly identified as the â€Å"475-year event. † The PML is calculated as a damage proportion that equals the estimated repair charge divided by the substitution cost of the building. The final standard of due diligence to be applied is The Physical Needs Assessment Report (PNA) refers to the actual structural and mechanical requirements necessary for proper building maintenance. The PNA can be a crucial tool in influencing the subject site value and estimated cost in possible repairs or investment in the property. PNA reports can be customized according to a client’s specific inquiry. Upon conclusion of the physical evaluation of the property, AEI provides a synopsis report outlining the costs to correct the deficiencies which have been noted. AEI also devises and presents commendations together with a budget to increase the physical and artistic condition of the property to make best use of its position in the market place. There are various qualities of a good and a bad engineer. For example a good engineer possess a strong analytical attitude for he possesses excellent analytical skill and continuously examines thing he continually thinks of the ways of making work better through his inquisitive attitude. This is unlike poor engineers for they always continue on dwelling on the early knowledge and are lazy because they do not always take time to analyze things. They always lack perception and that is why many up them give out shoddy performances. A good engineer pay attention to all details for he or she knows the consequences of omitting any details. A bad engineer is most likely to be less attentive to all the details and that is why some of the work may have some errors. A good engineer has excellent communication skills for they can translate complex technical lingo into English and also communicates well verbally with clients. A bad engineer has no fluent communication skills and he might also cause miscommunication with his client. a good engineer takes part in continuing education . this is because he always wishes to stay on top of the developments in the engineering industry.. changes in technology happens so rapidly and a good engineer will tend to keep abreast of the new ideas and research a bad engineer rarely notices the changes happening in his job industry and he is also lazy in taking part in the developments taking place is always innovative by developing new systems and also finding new ways of making the existing thing work more efficiently. A bad engineer rarely brings any new ideas at work and he may also lack the motivation when it comes to the actualization of new ideas. A competent engineer shows the ability of thinking logically because he always possesses top- notch logical skills. he has the ability to make sense out of complex systems and always understands how things work and also how problems come about. Incompetent engineers usually have hard time in foreseeing problems and do not apply his ideas logically to ensure that thing flow smoothly in the organization. a good engineer is mathematically inclined. This is because he possesses excellent skills in mathematics for we all know that engineering is an intricate science that usually involves complex calculations of varying difficult. Incompetent engineers are not very sharp mathematically and therefore they are brought down by complex calculations thus giving miscalculated estimates at work. A good engineer possesses very excellent problem solving skills. This is because he detects any causes of the arising issues and solves them immediately to ensure that all things go smoothly. A poor or incompetent engineer rarely solves the problems accordingly. There might be a discontent in his problem solution ideas which may make work operations inefficient. A good engineer is a team player. This is because he understands they are part of a larger together to ensure the success of the project. A bad engineer rarely cooperates in team work for he believes he is the only one excellently qualified or capable. A great engineer has excellent technical knowledge for they tend understand a variety of computer programs and other systems that are commonly used during an engneeriong project (Engineeringschools. com, 2006). There is a very strong relationship between a good engineer and a good person. A good person has a lot of integrity because he is trustworthy and honest. A good engineer also has a strong integrity for he ensures that he is trusted by the people he comes into contact with. A good person is compassionate for he cares about all people in general. A good engineer is also compassionate for he does his work excellently to ensure that no one is hurt through poorly designed structures. A good person happens to be very reasonable and courage because he stands up for what is fair and also points at the right direction always. A good engineer is also courageous for he doesn’t follow the perception of risks according to the public and acts on his ethical standards. A good engineer is also very reasonable because he plans for his actions so that he may not take a wrong step which might be accompanied by a lot of negative consequences. A moral competent person possesses the ability to promote and even desire to secure well being and to diminish human suffering. This is because he or she responds with the appropriate sensitivity and moral feelings when he comes across human suffering. A moral competence person also distinguishes moral and natural harm, right and wrong a moral competent person also shows the willingness to take initiative for appropriate action. He also has moral imagination for he has the ability to come up with alternative courses of action (Cua, 2010). A morally competent person also bears moral persuasion for he has the ability to persuade and also to be rationally persuaded by others. It is very hard for people to make evaluations of moral competence because we know that human beings are always characterized by pretence especially when they want to achieve something. Again moral competence in people is mainly driven by intrinsic and extrinsic motivations which may be personal that the public can not identify. Moral competence evaluations are necessary because if dealing with people who lack moral values can really be frustrating because a person who lacks moral competence rarely acts accordingly (Wilson, 2003). References Matscieng. sunysb. edu. (2003) Engineering Disasters and Learning from Failure. Retrieved on May 18th from http://www. matscieng. sunysb. edu/disaster/ Wilson, A. (2003). Democracy and moral Skills, Retrieved on May 13 from http://webcache. googleusercontent. com/search? q=cache:85JzO3p-0GkJ:www. wcp2003. org/arnold%2520wilson. doc+moral+competent+person&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ke&client=firefox-a Engineeringschools. com. (2006). Top 10 Qualities of a Great Engineer. Retrieved on May 15th from http://www. engineeringschools. com/engineering-top-10. html. Industrialsafetyintegration. com. (2008). Industrial safety regulation. http://www. industrialsafetyintegration. com/risk-assessment-faq. htm Aeiconsultants. Com. (n. d). Engineering due diligence. Retrieved on May 18th from http://www. aeiconsultants. com/www/services_eng_due. html Cua, A. (2010). Competence, concern, and the role of paradigmatic individuals (chun-tzu) in moral education. Retrieved on May 18 from http://www. questia. com/googleScholar. qst;jsessionid=LyNG4rJ0bvDxQshkQ8QxrKd0d7WF2x0Wxm0Qp69L5qJt6NfQ0Hy5! 497373752! -1807481064? docId=95691114

Why Women Should Not Be Assigned to Combat Positions

Throughout history, women have played a role in the defense of their nations. In 1429, Joan of Arc successfully led the French Army into battle against the English at age 17. In 1588, Queen Elizabeth I traveled to Tilbury, Essex to fight beside her Army during the Spanish raid. And in 1788 at the Battle of Monmouth, Mary Ludwig Hayes, also known as â€Å"Molly Pitcher†, took over her husband’s cannon position and continued to engage the enemy after he had fallen in battle. While these are extraordinary accomplishments made by these most admirable women, should this level of close combat be expected, or possibly even required of women in the military? Many will argue that the ban on women in combat is a discrimination issue, and that it creates a structural barrier that can hurt their chances of promotion or advancement. The Defense Department Advisory Committee on Women in the Services actually found that â€Å"women serving in combat in Iraq and Afghanistan have had a positive impact on mission accomplishment. But these women were not assigned to an actual combat position in a unit that has a primary mission of direct ground combat engagement of the enemy. They were either assigned to a combat support unit that was engaged by the enemy, or they were attached to the combat arms unit. There is a vast difference, and this essay will explore why placing women in direct combat roles in the military would have a negative impact on combat readiness. All male units in the field experience bonding that enhances readiness and cohesion. When women are introduced, men stop relating to each other and begin trying to attract the women. This puts them in direct competition with each other and becomes a severe distraction from the mission at hand. Morale cannot be maintained if accusations of harassment are a threat, and Commanders are unable to keep the males focused on the mission when they are at war with each other over a female unit member. â€Å"Helen of Sparta was perhaps the most inspired character in all literature, ancient or modern. A whole war, one which lasted for ten years, was fought over her† (Bell, 1991, p. ). King David of Israel ordered Uriah the Hittite into battle to fight in order to commit adultery with Uriah’s wife in his absence. He would even wage war against another nation in order to eliminate any competition for his women. But a relationship with a supervisor or a co-worker is detrimental to teamwork and fairness in the workplace. A lack of trust or possible resentment toward another soldier can possibly result in poor judgment in the heat of battle when someone decides they are mad at the man that got the girl. Disrespect among the ranks, mistreatment of fellow unit members, and destruction of professional reputations will surely affect the career progression of everyone involved. And what happens to the effectiveness of the unit when a female combat soldier gets pregnant? Naval ships at war must return to shore because of the pregnancy of female sailors, thus hindering the combat mission. Infantry units must evacuate the female soldier out of the war zone and reassign her to a support position back in the States. The disruption to combat readiness is extreme and can be costly. Chivalry is not dead. The basic, instinctual nature of males is to protect females. This is true of any species of animal. Parents raise their sons to protect women, and to ensure their safety because they are less capable of protecting themselves. While this may not be true of all women, it is certainly true of all men. In the New York Times article, Female POW is Abused, Kindling Debate, by Ellaine Sciolino, Army Major Rhonda Cornum was interviewed regarding her captivity during the Persian Gulf War. She said â€Å"Everyone's made such a big deal about this indecent assault,† she said, in her first interview since the war. But the only thing that makes it indecent is that it was nonconsensual. I asked myself, ‘Is it going to prevent me from getting out of here? Is there a risk of death attached to it? Is it permanently disabling? Is it permanently disfiguring? Lastly, is it excruciating? ‘ If it doesn't fit one of those five categories, then it isn't important. † But the male so ldier that was with her had a different opinion. The 22-year-old specialist from Fort Rucker whom Iraqis slapped and beat during interrogations said he had not changed his opinion that omen should not be in combat, despite what he described as Major Cornum's stoicism. â€Å"I worried about her all the time,† he said, â€Å"and being a P. O. W. and going through the torture, the pain, you shouldn't also have to worry about what's happening to the female soldier all the time. † While the women may be able to endure such atrocities that come with war, the men are not psychologically prepared to deal with listening to the screams of their women being raped, sodomized, and tortured by the enemy. Then there is the moral question behind women in combat units. The question isn’t necessarily whether a woman can do it, but whether she should do it. Assigning them into these positions would â€Å"require training men and women to regard the brutalization of women, and a woman’s brutalization of others, as normal and acceptable† (Kirkwood, 2003, p. 1). According to Vietnam War hero Ron Ray, â€Å"Women should only be used in combat if national security depends on it. † This means that all of our men have been killed or captured, and the only possibility of survival is left with the women and children. Even then it should be a last resort. There is something unsavory in the mouths of society in turning a woman into the kind of person that is capable of performing such heinous actions that are required in close ground combat against another human being, while being expected to nurture our children once she returns from such brutal actions. Women by nature are the nurturing gender. What will this do to our society of civilized humans if we turn our women into barbaric warriors? Women certainly play a significant role in today’s armed forces. On a grand scale they have been instrumental in improving the readiness of their organizations, better enabling them to perform on the asymmetrical battlefield. But placing them into close ground combat positions will not improve the readiness or performance of the armed forces. The presence of women in combat units creates sexual tension that eventually puts one man against another in direct competition for her, thus affecting morale and cohesion. As prisoners of war, women will put their male counterparts at risk because a man’s instinct is to protect the woman rather than complete his mission and overcome the enemy. As a civilized society, it is morally wrong to place a woman into a position where she could be brutalized, or where she would have to brutalize another. They simply are not emotionally or psychologically equipped to do that, and nor should they be. But in the quest for equality of the sexes, placing women in combat units isn’t the answer. It should still remain more important to maintain military tradition and combat effectiveness than it is for social experimentation.

Audit report

During the stock count e observe the following weaknesses and ascertain the risks associated with them and developed following suggestions to develop controls to address these weaknesses. The details of these are as follows: 1 . Excessive Accessories stocks found as compared to system report. Observations:- During the audit we observe that some of stock physically available is in excess as compared to the stock as per stock report. For details of these please, see annex â€Å"A†. Later on discussion with store uncharged Mr..Adele it came to know that, this problem occurred due to stock shifting, adjusting stock report, bulk quantity counting of stock really with routine activities etc. Some Grins and store issues are also not properly posted in time, that is why this issue raise. Recommendations:- The posting issue should not have any excuse; store team should manage their time to post all types of documents in system to update the stock report. It is also recommended that sto re team should adopt the policy of efficiency instead of effectiveness. 2.Less quantity of stocks found physically as compared to Accessories stock report. Observations:- We observed that some stocks in actual are less as compare to reported quantity. For details of these, please see annex â€Å"B†. Recommendations:- It is recommended to post issuance in system carefully and posting of issuance should be checked on daily basis. We recommended that the issuance book should be systematized and in new software this document will move as prepared by, approved by and deliver by and finally system post this issue automatically. 3. Stock not found physically but mentioned in stock report.Observations:- During the audit we observed some quantity of stock not physically in store as compared with stock report. For details of these please see annex â€Å"C† Later on discussion with store uncharged it came to know that due to the shifting of store items o new place and some issuan ce are also not posted/misplaced, that's why these items showing in report. It is recommended that all issuance should be posted timely in software on daily basis, the items which are not physically exist should be located in report and adjust the report as per the actual conditions to maintain the proper stock report.To resolve this problem the store team should get the approval of management, and after approval they have to adjust the stock accordingly. 4. Items not in report but physically exist During the course of audit it was found that some of the items are physically exist in he store but there is no record of these in the accessory report. For details of these please, see annex â€Å"D†. Recommendations:- It is recommended that store issue returns must be recognized when received at store.Proper record and physical stock must be kept by the store team. 5. Old Stock found in store During the course of audit it was found that lot of space was covered by old stock this stock is not in use since more than 2 year as per information given by the store team these items include: Inlay card Poly bag Buttons For details of these please, see annex â€Å"E†. It is recommended that time period should be defined after which certain item will be considered a part of dead stock.By doing this, dead stock will be separated from old stock. After this, dead stock should be sold at reasonable price and old stock should be properly placed at certain area with label of old stock and should not be mixed with fresh stock. When this old stock will not be used for a certain defined time period, it should be classified as dead stock and be sold as well. 6. Placement and Item codes It is observed that some items such as LABEL and THREAD are placed in different parts in a few boxes. . Thread of one shade found in different boxes and in different places and some of poly bags have no item codes. For details of these please, see annex â€Å"F†. Recommendations:- It is recommended that every item in store must be placed at single place so that these can be easily accessible. Secondly item codes must be mentioned on the items properly. 7. Practice of Safety Stock not adopted It was found during our audit that concept of safety stock was not being considered by the store management.The different routine items like stationary, kitchen items, some stitching general items like needles, commonly use thread and stitching aching spare parts etc. Don't have any safety stock formula, and this problem can stuck the flow of work. It is recommended that store team should be provided with all information about crucial items of different departments which may cause disturbance in the flow of work. Store should have a safety stock of all such items so that these could be used in case of emergency shortage.By doing this smooth running of flow work can be ensured. They should also consult with management in this regards. 8. Tagging and dust issues It is obser ved that some of the items are not properly tagged and there is dust on the teems also. This type of issues create risk like decrease in the value of stock it may also create delay problem for production if the things are not properly tagged and placed. Recommendations:- It is suggested that all the items with proper identification should be at specific place and should cover properly.Proper posting in software will be helpful to maintain the record. 10. Goods directly issued to department without any knowledge of store During the course of our audit it is observed that, some required items are issued directly to the department from where the items are demanded and all the paper work (documents) starts after this, and the store team prepares GRIN after receiving he store issue requisition and ZIP from the department.Recommendations:- It is recommended that if there is any item require urgently in any department and they purchase this on emergency basis, then this item should come fi rst in store and issued from store as well ,and then store uncharged will prepare the GRIN after receiving the documents. By doing this there will be no ambiguity in record and all the items will come into the knowledge of store uncharged. 11. No record for items under RSI. 500. Observation:- It is observed that the items purchased which having value less than 500 rupees have no record in the store.

Doea 'informal social control' have any part in explaining the Essay

Doea 'informal social control' have any part in explaining the differential rates of male and female offending - Essay Example The culture is the most dominant factor that has significant impact on the perceived roles of men and women. ‘Boys will be boys’ the famous adage is a prime example of communication behaviour that is appropriate for boys but which would not be suitable for girls. â€Å"women experience linguistic discrimination in two ways: in the way they are taught to use language, and in the way general language usage treats them† (Lakoff). It makes it easier for men to commit crime than women. The religiosity of a particular strata of society or the social structure of that region, contribute to the way people respond towards socially relevant issues and gender inequality. The socio-economical environment and political leanings promote orthodoxy and fanaticism. Patriarchal society endorses male domination that deliberately cast women in the inferior roles and restricts their personal and social development to compete with their counterparts on equal terms. Women, especially in the current time, adopt ways and means to exhibit their independence and empowerment through actions that sometimes border in criminal activities. It is one the reason that explains criminal activities amongst women. According to national statistics, ‘men commit more crimes than women. In 2004, male offenders in England and Wales outnumbered female offenders by more than four to one’ (BCS1, 2004). The survey showed that in all the major crime categories, men out numbered women in committing the crime but it is a distressing fact that the women remained the main target or victims of the crime. It will not be incorrect to say that despite the advancement made in almost all areas of life, the women remain vulnerable target of socio-cultural values. There are various means through which persons imbibe the values that they carry all through their life. Some of them may be through the

Philosophy 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philosophy 3 - Essay Example As a function of approaching the issue from such a perspective, this student hopes to expound upon the overall suitability of Kantian morality and provide a well balanced approach to determining the inherent strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that should an approach would necessarily espouse. In the Kantian approach to ethics and morality, the ultimate identifier of a â€Å"good action† is one that is performed out of duty; with no other ulterior motive being present as a means of rewarding or punishing the individual performing the action. Although Kant was not the first individual to support such an approach to morality and ethics, he was the first that has been known to record such an approach and pass it along as a moral code of ethics that, as he argues, should be applied universally. This universality of Kantian morality is one of the hallmarks of such an approach that ultimately makes it unique among the other forms of ethical and moral approaches that have thus far been studied. This universality is born out of an understanding that the main guiding precept that defines goodness is duty. Therefore, the duty, as Kant describes it is not necessarily born out of an imprint of Godliness upon he hearts of mankind; rather, it is born out of the universality of reason in helping to develop moral and ethical approaches to the many situations that greet the individual within his/her daily life (Lachapelle 2005, p. 608). It should of course be noted that Kant never sought to distance God and/or his influence upon morality from his approach. Instead, Kantian morality and ethics take the approach that God is exhibited through reason and rationality and therefore is present within the duties that ultimately lead an individual to perform a moral act for the sake of duty itself. As a means to further this moral approach, Kant argues that the â€Å"good of humanity† in and of itself is sufficient enough a cause for

The Movies and Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Movies and Research - Essay Example Truman continued to question further his existence since he noticed that everything that is going on in Seahaven revolve around his life. When Truman decided to seek out the truth to the world beyond Seahaven, the producers of the show tried as much as they can to prevent him from doing so by making plot twists in his daily activities that would avert any attempts made. Eventually, Truman secretly sailed off from his house, and was almost killed by a storm the producer of the show made. Realizing the morality in killing a cast member for the sake of a show would be an outrage, the producer allowed Truman to exit the arcological movie set and to see the real world beyond Seahaven. In this film, one of the main themes being shown is the concept of simulated reality. Simulated reality is an approach of observation, usually scientific, that makes events in reality replicated to a point that it is difficult to distinguish it from actual reality. This form of observation is the major plot basis for the movie The Truman Show and is the driving force for the main character’s actions and existential inquiries about his life. It should be remembered that in the setting of the movie, simulated reality is used as a form of mass media entertainment while setting aside any real or applied scientific usage. However, research in the movie setting is implied to have been done in a way to make the main character Truman spend most of his life believing that his world of Seahaven is the only reality. One could consider this form of research as a controlled form of observation, as every aspect of Truman’s daily life is being manipulated by external human actions. T his is done so skillfully that it has been an accepted fact by Truman even right on the day of his birth until adulthood. It should also be noted that the reason for the simulated reality scheme is for audiences of the show in the movie’s setting would watch an

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Marketing - Essay Example This extended marketing mix can be very easily applied to consumer markets such as FMCG’s markets, organizational markets such as non-profit organizations, services sector and international markets such as global markets (oil markets and commodities exchange are an example). Recommended ‘Extended Marketing Mix’ for two different segments Following discussion will throw some light on how, the 7 P’s should be transformed and tweaked to apply the extended marketing mix to psychographic and demographic segments in consumer markets which are described above. Product The product or the market offering should be parallel to the demographic variables and psychographic segmentation. If the product is not mass marketed, then offering a differentiated product or tailor-made product for each segment makes more sense. For example, BIC offers its various products according to the segmentation it has done. It has clearly demarcated and allotted each of its products to eac h segment. Offering the wrong product to the wrong market segment would dilute the essence of the brand. Besides, the steps of product development which involve the identification of needs of your target market should be pursued with ultimate care as the whole success of one’s product lies in this particular step. For example ‘Royal Dutch Shell’ released its new product of oils and lubricants for cars in England. The sales were pretty impressive and successful just because of the trend of maintaining cars with high quality products and services. Price Price is one of the most crucial aspects of the mix. When setting a price, it is extremely important to take demographic variables into consideration, for example, the average income of the target market can be a critical indicator to the right price of the product, similarly, factors like age and education may help in evaluating its value to the target market, which in turn suggests if the price can be set liberall y or should it be priced modestly. An example to elucidate the price factor is that the branded products of Armani and Nike with higher prices have a very minimal amount of sales in South East Asia, when compared to the western countries. Evian bottle which costs $4 in US would be a failure if introduced in a less developed country because people there would be reluctant to buy branded water which would guzzle a major part of their income. Promotion Promotion is the easiest way to let your customers know about the merits of your existing or upcoming products. Setting a promotion budget depends on the segmentation that you have done. An ideal example would be of Pantene where great in-roads were made in promotional activities. In the Pantene ad, expensive celebrities like Katrina Kaif are being shown endorsing and patronizing the brand. The promotional strategies should be in coherence with the lifestyle of people. Another example is TESCO who made all the advertisements and banners in accordance with the lifestyle of the citizens of UK to attract them towards their products and services. Placement Placement is not only about just placing the product but it is more about presenting it in the right time at the right place. In this regard, Apple inc. the leading brand in computer technologies devised a perfect strategy to market their product via placement. In the mid 90’

International media and telecommunications are not promoting a more Research Paper

International media and telecommunications are not promoting a more peaceful - Research Paper Example The media has different and opposite roles during the war. During a war for instance, the media could choose to concentrate on destroying the war as opposed to exalting the freedom from the tyranny. This discourse delves into analysing the position that International media and telecommunications are not promoting peaceful International relations. The author of the paper posits that the media could design and package the war as an invasion against an attack. Furthermore, telecommunications and media can outline negative against a positive attitude during the conflict. News Media benefits from the development in technology sector. Strategy in the simplest definition entails understanding who the players are in international relations as well as it stands in the society today. The comprehension covers the real position and both external and internal perceptions. The definition also includes having clear understanding of where international relations should get to and means of ensuring it gets to the destination. They constitute specific forms of substance with an intrinsic communicative ability. Among others, they are structures, innovations, reforms, legislation, institutions, investments, and policies in the media sector. They remain suggestive, memorable, remarkable, and newsworthy. The review of evidence applied in search strings to peruse five journal databases. The researcher filtered various papers after identification based on the date of publication starting the last decade of the twentieth century. Identification also considered countries with experiences in conflict and telecommunications and media associated with political occurrences. The analysis yielded twelve papers for review. Experts supplemented the twelve papers. The researcher graded evidence based on a regular pattern, evaluating the degree and quality of empirical

Concept of Virillio and Klein on globalization Assignment

Concept of Virillio and Klein on globalization - Assignment Example Armitage (2011) reports that an analysis of the professor's work reveals expressions that tend to link the globalization concept to internationalism, a term with a close association to communism and a distance a way from the unifying capitalistic market concept preached by preachers of pro westernized philosophies. Virillio rejects the globalization concept as perpetuator of a success of over free trade over totalitarian Marxism. According to Armitage (2011), his rejection of this view is in reaction to his claim that the definition lacks the aptitude to address the present loss of time gaps, the telescoping inherent in industrial and post industrial actions. Furthermore, the extensive concept of globalization is leading to the upper echelons of human modernity which is cultivated by technology and media coercion. In Armitage (2011), it is clear that Virillio believes that past these levels human beings can only encounter the backward tightening to a spectacle characterized by an inf inite density and dilapidated to personified humans permitting only existence through a phantom space. Armitage (2011) reports that Virillio arguments as supported by the recent fiscal catastrophes that brought countless nations to the brink of bankruptcy while putting countable multinationals out of business. Virillio suggest that the comprehension of the present fiscal predicaments should take a school of thought that hat views it as a hypermodern catastrophe. A misfortune characterized by hypermodern speed flanking the entire global civilization which is a bout to rupture, (Armitage, 2011).Evidently, this proposition is inline with the well comprehended economic perception that any form of advancement as a corresponding face of a catastrophe. This has the implication that progress has an equivalent face which is an upheaval and is analogous to the double faces of a coin. Armitage (2011) cites such pundits like Walter Benjamin who furthered the theoretical conceptualization of cat astrophic attributes of globalization to have influenced Virilio's perception of globalization. Armitage (2011) cites Virilio's assertion that the westernization forged by Benjamin Franklin which over the decades supported rampart capitalistic globalization has finally reached its conclusive phase. Consequently, the present persistent fiscal negativity evident globally impeccably confirms these propositions. According to Klein (2008), globalization which has in the past years prompted the free global trade has over years profited multinationals at the expense of the disadvantage populace around the globe. From both books, Klein (2008) and Klein (2000), it is evident that corporations have over the years advanced sizably to levels that they presently supersede state organizations. Klein (2000) suggests that presently, corporate commands such elevated echelon of influence that they dictate the direction taken by political regimes across the globe. Klein (2000) argues that while they h ave in time indirectly captured governance, they are not obligated to nations' citizens but to their self centered shareholders. Klein (2000) claims that the events have adversely affected the tri pillars of civic space resulting in highly constricted social liberties and increasingly restricted employment prospects. According to Klein (2000), the maiden pillar that the corporate through state agencies have taken away from the common populace is the constricted liberty. Klein

Intro to Business Assignment 1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intro to Business Assignment 1 - Coursework Example Discussion 1: Topic B The industries that the Internet has transformed are TV, Music and retail industry. TV and music industries are bringing most of their broadcast online. Especially the Music industry has gone upfront on the internet via peer-to-peer technology, downloading websites and streaming websites like youtube.com where users can download, stream and listen to the live music an watch the video. The retail industry has been carrying out most of their operations online where customers and the channel partners have been given access to the retail website where they can view their respective commodities. Customers can go online and customize their orders according to their liking after seeing the goods available on the website. Thus the internet has brought in an element of ease and comfort for the users. The hassle, of going to the store/outlet and seeing the commodity and purchasing it, could avoided. Customers can sit at their homes and with a click they can order the comm odities they want. The internet has been improving the operations of these industries because it provides a paperless environment and where the transactions can be carried out on real time basis.

Bus Low Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bus Low - Essay Example Although this law, unique to the State of East Columbia, took effect eight months ago, Better was unaware of it.  Homeowner, in mowing his lawn, stopped the mower and then reached under the housing to clear a grass clump. His hand was severely injured by the spinning mower blade.   This case falls within the ambit of the Uniform Commercial Code, in particular, under article 2 thereof on sales of goods. Homeowner can validly sue both Better and Retailer for the injuries he has suffered. The Supercutter which was manufactured by Better Manufacturing Company (Better) and sold by Retailer, Inc. did not conform to the safety rules and regulation imposed within the state of East Columbia. Better is liable for failure to comply with the safety laws that are enforced within the state where it is being sold. Ignorance of the law excuses no one. Better cannot set up the defense that they were unaware about the law which requires that all power mowers manufactured for use, or sale, or actually sold, in East Columbia be equipped with an automatic brake to stop the blade when the mower is stopped. The said law has already been in force and effect for eight months already and Better is duty bound to know and comply with all the laws that apply to them, to their business and to their products. In the case at bar, Better is liable for damages for its negligence which resulted in damage and injury to Homeowner. Besides, Better has an authorized agent for sales within the state of East Columbia. If the compliance department of Better had failed to update themselves on the laws of East Columbia, Retailer should have informed Better about these laws. Moreover, Retailer made an express warranty to Homeowner that the Supercutter was state of the art and complied with all safety laws when in truth and in fact it does not. If not for the warranty made by retailer, Homeowner may not have bought the

Countries such as UK and USA are MEDCs (more economically developed countries) Essay Example for Free

Countries such as UK and USA are MEDCs (more economically developed countries) Essay World development is the process which countries go through to make more money and develop their economies. Countries such as UK and USA are MEDCs (more economically developed countries) where as countries such as Brazil and Mexico are becoming rich and they are known as developing countries. However, the people living in these developing countries still do not have a good health scheme or their own homes. LEDCs (less economically developed countries) are very poor, such as Sudan and Bangladesh. People living in these countries tend to lack basic essentials like food, clean water and clothing. It is important to have world development because everyone in the world becomes part of a society in which human rights are observed and basic needs of housing, work and healthcare for all. It gives opportunity for the poor to lead peaceful lives and to have a say in global communities. World development is important also because without it there is conflict in the world. In the 20th and 21st centuries, there has been lots of conflict between LEDCs. As a result of this, poverty has worsened and become more frequent. Too much of the world’s money is spent on arms trade, to defend other countries from attack. This money could be spent on more important things which would help the process of world development such as: medication, education and agriculture. In the Kosovo conflict many fields were burnt and, as people had not grown food. Therefore, there were no crops to eat or sell. This caused loss of money and also human lives because many people died of starvation. A recent example of conflict is the war on Iraq. With world development, there would be solidarity in the world and it would relight warmth and compassion. Natural disasters cause many problems for LEDCs because there are no emergency help schemes to rebuild the areas affected. Usually, countries such as the USA have to step in and help by equipping the poor with food boxes, water and shelter etc. the economy in less economically developed countries is a more fragile industry. These industries are severely affected by natural disasters because there is loss of tourism; with an outcome similar to the Tsunami. International debt remains to be a severe problem in LEDCs because they have no solution but to borrow money from MEDCs. In the 1970s LEDCs borrowed from the World Bank. In the 70s, interest rates were low (1-2%) but in the 80s rates increased as high as 20-27%. Also, prices fell meaning that products being sold by poorer countries – such as coffee, tea and sugar. As the countries earned less, they were paying more back. There are 41 countries in the world classes as heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC). For example, Zambia spends  £106 million a year on debt repayments. Another reason why we need world development is that trade is not fairly paid for. Trade is selling something you have grown or made to somebody else- trade brings jobs and money. Trade rules are not based on development and they help MEDCs more. Goods can move freely through countries subsidised industries so that goods can be produced more cheaply. Mexico, signed the North America Trade Agreement which meant that Mexico and America can trade freely. US maize is now sold at such a cheap price that Mexican farmers are not paid enough to live on. Fair trade has been introduced. This means that by paying a few pence more for chocolate, coffee etc then you can increase the farmer’s wage who harvested it.

Effects of Global Unsecuralization

Effects of Global Unsecuralization Introduction Since the collapse of the USSR and the emergence of 20th century globalization, complex and diverse religio-political movements have resurfaced around the world with the explicit goal of re-establishing religion’s role in the public sphere. These religious movements have gained considerable influence and power, both domestically and internationally, which has been used to advance their political goals within their respective countries. In many ways, the rise of religio-political movements can be seen as a negative reaction to strong modernization pressures that have supported the creation of a market-driven culture, free-market economy and democratic government around the world. Modernization not only has failed to deliver on its promises in a highly unbalanced global economy but supports a growing widening gap between the North and the Global South. As local cultural and traditional institutions continue to erode around the world, a great number of people have opted for consu merism as a response to the insecurity of collapsed boundaries. Others have chosen to follow religious fundamentalism or religious revivalism to protect their religious traditions from secular movements and outside forces. According to Weigel, the global proliferation of religio-political movements constitute the unsecularization of the world. The following essay will examine the meaning and significance of his claim and then proceed to explain why this constitutes a problematic development for international security and stability. I shall argue that the proliferation of unsecular movements is highly problematic because most of these movements base their actions and policies on religious scriptures which have little explanatory force and may be reinforced against people’s will. This in turn might be used to violate important principles of freedom, equality, and liberty which are the core of democratic institutions, global interconnectedness, and relative peace. Understanding the unsecularization of the world According to Weigel, the present revitalization of religious movements around the globe constitutes the â€Å"unsecularization of the world†. This expression does not imply that the respiritualization of the world is apolitical. On the contrary, unsecularism represents a new and widespread interaction between religion and politics. The nature and extent of this interaction between religion and politics is worth analyzing because it can have major domestic and international effects. Since the 1990s, it has become increasingly difficult to find a single country where religion does not have a prominent place in the political agenda of the state, even in countries that have long experienced secular principles and practices. It is important to note that secularism is a practice in which state and religious institutions are separated from one another. Secularism has western roots and has been one of the founding principles of the United States, one of the world’s most religio us countries. Secularism was adopted in order to reduce the role of religion in politics, which until the 16th century had provided the main motor for international conflicts and the main threat to international security and peace. It must be noted that although religion has had major political consequences in the past, modern religio-political movements have evolved as many of them have adopted more pro-active approaches to fight secularism. On September 11, 1991, American President George Bush Senior, spoke confidently about the birth of a new world order characterized by the values of democracy and freedom. However, this optimism proved short-sighted as the Gulf-War changed the West’s plans on the Post-Cold War global order and quickly identified Islamic radicalism as the most significant threat to Western security. The re-emergence of religion in world politics can be traced to Iran’s Islamic Revolution in 1979 which contradicted the belief that societies would secularize as they modernize. Third world countries were expected to emulate the path taken by Europe and North America to achieve economic prosperity and reduce the role of religion in public affairs. However, these views proved erroneous as evidence demonstrates that not all societies that modernize tend to secularize. What is also surprising is that as states developed and pursued modernization, faith in secular ideologies declined, leaving man y people with a sense of internal loss. Another important concept to define is modernization because religio-political movements appear to be in opposition with it. Modernization has strong links with urbanization, industrialization, and the elimination of irrational views associated with ethnicity and religion. It suggests that loss of religious faith and secularization combined with technological development and application of science can overcome most of society’s problems. By the end of the 1990s, a global wave of politically oriented religious movements had spawned; which had serious social, political, and economic implications for the stability of the global community. To complicate things further, these groups active political involvement attracted not only the poor and marginalized members of society but also people with extensive education and high social status that have proven very useful to the overall growth of their movements. However, we must note that there ar e significant differences among religio-political groups, especially when it comes to the methods employed to achieve their goals. The Negative Effects of the Unsecularization in the World The unsecularization of the world constitutes a problematic development because western policy-makers have chosen to ignore major differences among various religio-political movements and have supported regimes that employ hostile and violent tactics against them. It is crucial, we mark an important distinction between religious fundamentalism and religious revivalism, both of which are responses to the failed promises of globalization. According to Heelas, religious fundamentalism is a â€Å"distinctively modern twentieth-century movement with historical antecedents† (159). The term has been constantly employed since the 1970s to describe numerous and diverse religio-political movements around the globe. However, it is important to note that the term was first used by conservative Christians in the US when they claimed that they wanted to return to the fundamentals of their religion. Presently, the term has become generic and is used by both popular and academic circles to de scribe a multitude of groups form various religious traditions. Religious fundamentalism focuses on the doctrines located within the nexus of moral and social concerns centered on state-society relations. They believe they are under attack from modernization and secularization as well as intruding alien ethics. Often, this develops into a broad socio-political offensive to try to redress the situation by targeting particular political figures. Most of their ideology is narrowed to few principles based on core religious texts such as the Bible, the Quran, or the Torah to define what God wants and how to answer to modern societal challenges. On the other hand, religious revivalism is a movement that wishes to renew and strengthen the community from within. It does not seek confrontation with others and assumes that all religious traditions are important to preserve within their own communities. The distinction between these two approaches is clear and must be understood by western pol icy-makers that have until now confused the two into a single movement which has increased tension and hostility. Unsecular movements also represent a problematic development domestically for multi-ethnic states that have diverse religious populations because they seek to impose certain religious practices publicly over others. Where secularism allows for the tolerant practice of multiple religious practices privately, extreme unsecularism seeks a return to complete uniformity of religious traditional practices. Multiple modern states are struggling to cope with the despair felt by certain religious groups over secularism. Often times, these groups use the public’s sense of insecurity and dissatisfaction to attack local secular leaders by proclaiming immoral governments as the cause of society’s problems. Many claim that secularism is not a native notion to their land and use the negative colonial legacy to disenfranchise what they consider to be the imposition of western values. In addition, these groups have a tendency to see politics in religious ways. By claiming that political difficulties have religious roots, they also assume that they have religious solutions. This often leads to the forceful adoption of religious solutions that are often found in religious texts, and contain outdated practices. This forceful imposition of religious practices is problematic even within members of the same religious community as some of them seek a more moderate approach to their religious beliefs while others wish to go back to purest form of religious practices. Dr. Goldstein in Israel demonstrates clearly this internal tension, as he claimed â€Å"miracles do not happen, they are made†. This remark was made to highlight the importance of reasserting Israeli control of biblical lands for the sake of religious prophecy, a topic which continues to internally divide Israeli society. The unsecularism of the world also poses a major threat to the stability and order of the international order because it tends to encourage the satanization of political enemies which might be used to justify violent actions to achieve â€Å"moral† ends. Fundamentalist religious groups embracing millenarian traditions pose a significant threat because they believe in the need to provoke a religious apocalypse to usher a new age of peace for humanity. Although they claim their ultimate goal is peace, many of them promote the use of extreme violence and terror tactics to send a powerful religio-political messages. These groups tend to justify their actions in religious symbolism and often accept the idea that suffering and death are necessary sacrifices to prove their faith to god and protect their families, societies and nations from an ever closing evil. The fact that violence is justified on the identification â€Å"evil doers† tends to have dehumanizing effect on cert ain peoples that are deemed not worthy of the protection and rights granted by god. This confrontational approach known as â€Å"us VS them† is highly problematic for both sides and could ultimately lead to open confrontation. This can effectively lead to a cosmic war based on religious prophecy and extremism that is capable of causing substantial damage and the violation of basic human rights. Conclusion To conclude, the spread of unsecular religio-political movements represents a problematic development for the stability and peace of the international community. Ever since the fall of the USSR, the United States has used his powerful economic, political military power to create a world according to pluralist and democratic values. However, the growing resistance and influence of religio-political movements around the world has inevitably clashed with the spread of western values and practices. These diverse and complex movements are mostly concerned with reasserting the role of religion in the public sphere. They are highly involved in domestic politics as they attempt to stop secularism and other religions from threatening the cohesiveness of their group. Unsecularization has proven problematic because western policy-makers have chosen to ignore major differences among religio-political movements and have supported violent and repressive regime to oppress them. In addition, unsecul arism presents a challenge domestically for religiously diverse countries because they seek to impose dominant religious practices publicly over others. Furthermore, unsecularism tends to encourage religious groups that embrace millenarian traditions to satanize their political enemies which dialogue unlikely making war, a real possibility.

Proposal: Causes of corporate failures

Proposal: Causes of corporate failures Introduction The issue of corporate failures (CF) became prominent yet again, following the financial crisis of 2007-2008, caused primarily by risky-investments made in the belief of a continuous appreciation in home-values, due to decades of low-interest rates the era of light-touch regulation[1] [Deregulation free-markets]. Furthermore, the collapse of Lehman-Brothers; a large investment bank, brought the issue of corporate failures to the fore and hence sparked the researcher’s interest in the subject. The collapse of Lehman’s has been described as the largest bankruptcy in the world, it was a bankruptcy ten times bigger than that of Enron and it rattled the global and domestic markets in the midst of an economic recession (M. A. Johnson A. Mamun 2012)[2]. Consequently it is included in the literature-review when looking at the causes of failure in an attempt to answer the research question. The Research Question The research question is focused on why corporations fail, particularly the recurring themes from failures. This question is important as the total-assets of companies filing for bankruptcy in the U.S was at $1.159billion in 2008 (Kalwarski T, 2009)[3]. In addition big-businesses in Ireland that went burst in 2010 were five times greater than was seen at the peak of the Celtic-Tiger[4] (O’Carroll L, 2011)[5], with a huge-amount of failures concentrated in the construction-sector. Furthermore, in Lithuania alone the slowdown of the economy amplified the rate of bankruptcies to about 34% in the first half of 2008 (Silvanavicià »tà ¨, S 2008)[6]. Figure 1- Total assets of U.S Public Companies filing for bankruptcy. Source: Business week, chart by Laurel Daunis-Allen [7] Therefore, given the financial-crisis of 2008, the globalization of the world economies and the ripple effect of corporate-failures on economies the society, the need to investigate the recurring themes is vital. (Azkunaga J, San-Jose L, Urionabarrenetxea S, 2013)[8]. This research will prescribe in its recommendations the use of bankruptcy prediction models (BPM) as a way to predict and mitigate the occurrence of future failures. This is important due to the fact that corporations who experience complete failure usually file for bankruptcy under their various national bankruptcy codes. 1.2 Aim rationale for this research The aim of this research is to collect data on the causes of/themes in corporate-failures, exploring the recurring themes the link between the independent-variables [greed, corporate-culture, economic-cycles, corporate-governance, incentive-schemes etc.] and the dependent-variable [Corporate-Failure]. In addition the impact of the economic cycles (a slowdown in the economy/a recession) in failures will be investigated. Furthermore the research will explore briefly the literature on bankruptcy prediction models, so as to make a valid argument for its continued use in the prediction prevention of failures. The rationale for this research stems from the researcher’s interest in the issues that led to the recent financial crisis, the collapse of Lehman-Brothers, the need to curb future corporate failures and a will to contribute to reducing the prevalence of corporate failures. 1.3 New Relevant Research As at 1988 an integrated theory of corporate-failures was non-existent. Hambrick D’Aveni noted that the focus was on small business failures and public sector failures, with the existing literature being mainly qualitative (Daughen and Binzen, 1971; Richards, 1973; Starbuck, Greve, and Hedberg, 1978 cited in Hambrick). The quantitative aspects focused only on financial-ratios (Altman 1968) [9], with the only work carried to contrast the above being that of Miller and Friesens (1977) to point out the characteristics of large unsuccessful and the more successful firms. The shortcoming of Miller et al 1977 was that their project did not consist of firms who experienced complete failures[10]. (Hambrick, D, DAveni, R 1988) This research aims to pull together the origins of failures, the relevant themes on corporate failures, the impact of an economic recession on corporate-failures and the use of prediction models in predicting failures/distress. The relevance of this, will be to update the existing literature and put the different aspects together under one piece of work. Something of this magnitude has not yet being done by previous researchers based on the literature-review. Consequently, this research will would be of practical benefit to academics and students seeking to further explore the subject matters of CF and BPM. 1.4 Approach to the research A top-down approach was followed in in the literature-review and this assisted in the identification of the relevant themes in corporate-failures and assisted in developing a framework which enabled question asking via semi-structured interviews. The research was approached using both primary and secondary research methods. The interview process provided a primary qualitative insight into the viewpoints/experience of professionals/experts in the bankruptcy, insolvency and liquidation industry as to the key themes in corporate failures. Secondary research-methods enabled data collection through a look at the previous cases of failures, newspaper articles, case-studies, reports, peer-reviewed journals etc. The justification for the research approach adopted will be discussed in greater depth in the research methodology [See Chapter 3]. The final objective will be to identify the implications of this research for literature practice (Williams K, Pg. 68 2013)[11]. 1.5 Learning Style Suitability of the Researcher The learning style of the researcher follows a methodical logical approach, going through a step by step process. It is theoretical, involving reading and gathering information from various sources in order to get a broad view of a subject matter. This learning style is appropriate as this research requires sufficient knowledge of the various themes, models theories pertaining to CF and BPM, generalizations about complex issues, including making necessary inductions. The researcher is a Master’s in Accounting Finance student who has completed all taught components of his degree with distinction. He holds an undergraduate degree [BA. (Hons) in Accounting Finance] from Dublin City University with a significant specialism in accounting. The researcher has studied Corporate-Governance (CG), Quantitative-Methods and attended qualitative and quantitative analysis workshops during his studies, including the use of Nvivo; a qualitative analysis software and SPSS; a statistical software for quantitative data analysis. This would enable the researcher to understand the quantitative or qualitative aspects of this research. Furthermore, the researcher has conducted literature reviews and attended full year lectures on research methodology, including the use of the fine foundation’s criteria to critique articles and journals. This backs up the researcher’s capacity to understand the various themes and the ability to carry out a reliable analysis and critique of data for research purposes. The researcher’s academic experience and knowledge of working on individual/group projects, word-papers and essays on related themes such as the impact of the financial crisis on banks, the Goldman-Sachs Abacus transaction, regulatory capital requirements and a proposal fantasy-budget sent to the Irish Institute of Taxation, financial investment analysis of UK Irish corporations have all laid a foundation to handle the cognitive and challenging aspects of this research. The need to gather qualitative data through semi-structured open-ended interviews will benefit from the researcher’s open and engaging approach to formal/semi-formal situations and the experience obtained from previous interviews conducted with the managers of major multi-national companies. The ability of the researcher to listen attentively and ask insightful questions would aid in the collection of good and reliable data. 1.6 Outline of the Dissertation Title page Declaration Table of Contents List of Tables Figures List of Abbreviations Acknowledgements: This section thanks acknowledges those have helped the researcher in completing this research Abstract: This serves as a brief synopsis of the research. It includes the aim of the research, how it was carried out, the findings from the literature primary research and finally the conclusion recommendations from the research. This dissertation is divided into seven chapters, which includes sub-headings. The contents of each chapter are discussed below; Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter acts as a background to the topic, it goes through the rationale for the research, explaining why the research is new relevant and the approach to be followed when carrying out the research. The learning style and suitability of the research as pertains to this research. An outline of the dissertation and finally the scope and limitations of the research. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter explores the literature; origins of failures, the causes the themes in CF. Therefore it raises awareness of the themes in the area and justifies the research question Chapter 3: Research Methodology Methods This chapter examines the research methodology using the ‘research onion’. It justifies by critical evaluation, the selection of an appropriate research philosophy approach etc. It explores the options for data collection. It describes the ethical issues that guide the research, the population sample and how data collection, coding and analysis will be accomplished. Chapter 4: Data Analysis Research Findings Data collected using the research methods outlined in chapter 3 will be critically analysed here and the findings will be presented. Chapter 5: Discussion Conclusion This chapter discusses how this research contributed to the area of CF. It draws awareness to the research limitations. It reviews and interprets the research result, consequently drawing a general conclusion by summarising the research findings. Chapter 6: Recommendations Future Dimensions This chapter recommends based on the research findings what could be done to stem the continued menace of corporate failures and prescribes dimensions for future research. Chapter 7: Self Reflection Performance This is the final chapter and it appraises the researchers learning and engagement, looking at the impact this process has had on the researcher personally and academically. Bibliography This references the original works and literature used to back-up each chapter of this dissertation. Appendices This contains supporting documents: charts, interview transcripts, interview questions, tables, figures etc. 1.7 Scope Limitations of the Research This research focuses only on the failure of big-corporations. Therefore it doesn’t take into account why small-business entities fail. The period required to complete this dissertation is a factor that restricted the sample size which was used in the analysis of the recurring themes in failures. A purposive sample-size was used, which permitted for a critical analysis appropriate for the time frame and word count required for this research. 1.8 Contributions of this Research This issue of corporate failures is not a new topic but this research will update and contribute to literature by highlighting the recurring issues in corporate failures based on the collection of primary data from practitioners in the field of insolvencies, bankruptcy and hence give an updated view on any change in corporate failures themes pre and post the 2007-2008 financial crisis. [1] Financial regulation: Light touch no more Britain’s financial regulators are getting much tougher http://www.economist.com/news/21567399-britains-financial-regulators-are-getting-much-tougher-light-touch-no-more. Accessed 21st May 2014. [2] Johnson, M, Mamun, A 2012, The failure of Lehman Brothers and its impact on other financial institutions,Applied Financial Economics, 22, 5, pp. 375-385, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 21 May 2014 [3](Kalwarski Tara, 2009) Corporate Failure: The worst may be yet to come. Tara Kalwarski and Laurel Dauni-Allen, Business Week. http://images.businessweek.com/ss/09/01/0129_numbers/index.htm Accessed 12th April 2014. [4] Metaphor for the Irish economic growth. [5] Lisa O’Carroll: The Guardian Business failures rising in Ireland http://www.theguardian.com/business/ireland-business-blog-with-lisa-ocarroll/2011/jan/07/ireland .Accessed 2nd June 2014. [6] Simona Silvanavicià »tà ¨ 2008, Estimating the Negative Impact of Business Failures on Lithuania, Socialiniai Tyrimai, 2008, 4, pp. 113-120, SocINDEX with Full Text, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 April 2014. [7] Business week, chart by Laurel Daunis-Allen: Total assets of U.S Public Companies filing for bankruptcy http://images.businessweek.com/ss/09/01/0129_numbers/4.htm Accessed 2nd June 2014. [8] Juan Antonio Azkunaga, Leire San-Jose, Sara Urionabarrenetxea (2013): The impact of financial globalization and financialization on the economy in the current crisis through banking corporate governance. Accessed 12th April 2014. [9] Altman, EI 1968, Financial Ratios, Discriminant Analysis and the prediction of Corporate Bankruptcy, Journal of Finance, 23, 4, pp. 589-609, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 April 2014. [10] Hambrick, D, DAveni, R 1988, Large Corporate Failures as Downward Spirals, Administrative Science Quarterly, 33, 1, pp. 1-23, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 April 2014. [11] Kate Williams 2013: Planning your Dissertation. Pg. 68. Oxford Brookes University, Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire England.

Essay --

Mekanism is a San francisco-based creative digital agency that is founded in 2000 by Tommy Means. Mekanism is derived from a company named Complete Pandemonium. Means saw a big opportunity of the internet for a great media platform that was not being deployed and understood by people and company back in 2000. Means started to grow his view to an independent integrated creative production studio to develop the branded content outside traditional marketing communication channels. Means aimed the mission to place the web media at the center of all advertising, and to make marketing more effective among all the other platforms. Immediately the agency was founded as an independent entity, he added three partners. Pete Caban as a head of digital, Ian Kovalic as an executive creative director, and Jason Harris as an executive producer. Pete Caban leads technology development, new media initiatives and business operations. Focusing mainly on projects surrounding emerging content platforms, Caban directs the technical development of Mekanism’s client campaigns by leveraging the industry’s latest innovations to deliver targeted content to the widest base. Ian Kovalic brings an artistic and creative background in design, interactive and animated storytelling. As executive creative director, he oversees most of the design execution across commercial, web and branded entertainment. Jason Harris leads the strategy and production of branded entertainment campaigns. His core focus is fostering Mekanism’s position as the premiere storyteller for emerging media. Harris represents a unique mix of strategy, management and production expertise. He works attentively with brands to help make hit content, develop community platforms, and enhance reach a... ...Super bowl, Mekanism continued engagement with the audience, with the contests where hundreds of thousands additional fans came to watch the spot frame by frame and hunt for planted easter eggs. Average times on Pepsi.com was unbelievable, 4 minutes and 35 seconds. The program garnered press eventually every outlet from USATODAY, to the New York Times to the Today Show. Through paid, owned , and earned media, it received over 5.5 billion impressions. In the end, Mekanism created a Fan-made film that looked stunning, and delivered on the creativity and passion of its audience which generated buzz long before and after the Super Bowl. But most importantly, Makanism amplified the voice of the now generation, and Pepsi put its marketing focus on the people who really matter, its consumers. http://youtu.be/a6YjAWU6_Qw>

Psychology of Homophobia/Sexual Prejudice Essay -- Homophobia Sex Prej

Psychology of Homophobia/Sexual Prejudice Society began to rethink homosexuality in the 1960’s when heterosexual psychologist George Weinberg coined the term â€Å"homophobia.† Weinberg used the term to label heterosexuals’ fear of being in contact of homosexuals as well as the self-loathing of homosexuals, meaning that homosexuals hated themselves for being gay. As of the new millennium, there has been a new special term that has been born to define the fear, hate and disgust that people show towards anyone’s sexual orientation called â€Å"sexual prejudice.† Like other types of prejudice, there are three main principals that surround sexual prejudice: it is an attitude, it is directed at social groups and its members, and it is negative as involving hostility or dislike. As time goes by there has been differing perspectives on sexual prejudice (homophobia).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In an interview with Karen Franklin, a forensic psychologist and former criminal investigator, which was conducted by PBS’s program â€Å"FRONTLINE,† reveals her interest and perspective on anti-gay hate crimes that relate to homophobia. Franklin has interviewed multiple perpetrators of anti-gay hate crimes and with San Francisco Bay Area College students that has lead to the production of important data of the nature and extent to the negative reactions to gays.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Karen Franklin was asked, â€Å"What makes a person become a gay basher?† she answered, â€Å"there is no simple answer to that question.† Franklin explains that for a person to commit any violent act one must have had something influence them to be violent and the fact that a gay person is being targeted is another motivation. She explains that there are several motivations for these acts. The first motivation is â€Å"peer dynamics,† in which a person tries to prove masculinity, or to prove heterosexuality, or just not to back down and let one’s peers down. The next most common motivation she found was what she called â€Å"anti-gay ideology† in which their reasons for their anti-gay feelings are based on morals or religion. Another common motivation was that a person might be thrill-seeking and trying to have a good time at someone else’s expense. Franklin states that, in general, â€Å"people are trying to endors e a cultural message that gay people are second class citizens and are not worthy of respect. Franklin feels that this sexual prejudice is a c... ...use whether we know it or not, we all contribute in even the smallest ways to this problem. For instance, when we go up to our male youth and ask them if they like any girls in their class or when we ask a female if she has a boyfriend, we are contributing to the problem in a subliminal and subconscious manner. We are sending a subliminal message to society; we are trying to tell them who they are supposed to be. It is quite ironic to find that men hate gay men, although, at the same time they love and desire gay women and it is acceptable. Sexual prejudice is very complex, confusing, wrong, misunderstood, and very harmful to society. References 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Internalized Homophobia http://www.lgcsc.org/internalized.html 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychological Perspective – Henry Adams http://www.rtis.com/reg/bcs/pol/touchstone/november96/muehlen.htm 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Mind of A Gay Basher – Karen Franklin http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/assault/interviews/franklin.html 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bigots and Buggers – Peter Tatcheell http://www.petertatchell.net/homophobia/bigots%20are%20buggers.htm 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  American Psychological Association – Henry Adams http://www.apa.org/releases/homophob.html

Different Topics Writings

The following sentence is an example of Engfish: â€Å"The Nixon years are perhaps the most well remembered and least forgotten in the eyes of the American people. † I chose this example because it was a sentence that I actually wrote for a history paper. After learning what Engfish was, I was a bit surprised to find this type of writing in my OWN papers! Not only did I state that the Nixon years were the â€Å"most† well remembered, I went on to further expound on the fact that they were also the â€Å"least† forgotten.Of course, it goes without saying that if something is the most remembered, it is also the least forgotten, but without my own voice yet discovered, and not knowing what my teacher â€Å"wanted† or â€Å"was looking for†, I wrote like this – to fill space and sound a bit more formal. Looking at it now, it seems funny. I could have simply written, â€Å"no one will ever forget the Nixon years†. Let’s not forget â €Å"in the eyes of the American people†.First of all, people don’t remember things in their eyes, and more than the American people will remember the Nixon years. If I wanted to restrict the subject, I could have written, â€Å"America will never forget the Nixon years. † Fabulous Reality: The fenced-in school yard echoed of bouncing basketballs, jump rope chants, creaky swing chains and the clanging of eager children pushing and pulling on the fence. At the front of the one story building was a sign that said â€Å"Parent Teacher Conferences Oct. 27-29 and Fall Festival October 30†.On the west side of the drab brick building that faced the stone and asphalt playground, there were some cracked windows taped with duct tape on the outside, while children’s art work and colorful curtains decorated the interior. The bricks of the medium sized building were decorated with black scribbles from spray paint cans. Teens – alumnus of the building â₠¬â€œ stating that they had been there, whom they loved, and what teachers they hated. Amid the scribbles arose a large yellow smiley face, perfectly round with oval eyes and a broad black smile. There was a bloody bullet hole in its head.Metaphor/simile 1: My significant other is better than the finest waiter at the finest restaurant. He treats my feelings as if they were the most valuable porcelain dishes, with soft gloves, and quick and light attention. He lingers in my neck to catch my scent as would a wine lover with a bottle of newly opened wine. He has an artist’s eye for my eyes, staring at them and studying them to find what lies beneath. I feel like a million bucks and he is the millionaire, keeping close tabs on me, but letting me grow and work into something more as he both flaunts and protects me.Metaphor/simile 2: The child’s coos are sweeter than the sweetest song ever composed or heard. Her eyes are more beautiful than the reflection off of the deep blue water when it catches the sun on its brightest days. Her smile is as sincere as her parent’s love for her. Her cries are only reflections of need, not sadness. When others are around her, her joy is spread as easily as warm butter on warm bread. Her beauty is as evident as is her existence. This tiny little baby girl brings more warmth and joy than a Christmas day fire, yet she does not even know it.

Music Concert Report

Concert Report Guidelines listening to live performances is an essential part of learn to appreciate and understand unison. Treat this authorship as though you were a medicinal drug critic writing for your local newspaper. In different words, what did you give c are/not like and why? Here are some(a) planetary guidelines to help you listen, think, and write nearly a design. Basic Information to include When and where did the project take place? How m whatsoever pieces were performed? What were they called and how m whatsoever movements were in each? Who collected each piece? Who were the performers (name of the ensemble and/or names of the soloists)?If there was a conductor, what was his or her name? What types of instruments were played and/or what types of region parts were featured? Was there any special purpose to the concert? If so, explain. ecumenic Questions to Keep in Mind What was your general reaction to the concert? How did the performance unfathomed to you ? Was the music performed well? Were the musicians rhythmically in concert? Were they playing/singing in lineage? Did any instruments or voices stick erupt? How would you rate the musicians technical ability and the vigour of their performance? Did they seem well brisk for the concert?Which piece of music did you like dress hat? Why? (e. g. , what circumstantialally did you like ab pop(predicate) the piece itself or the way it was performed? ) Which composition did you like least? Why? Did any of the compositions trigger an emotional response from you? What were your specific feelings or thoughts in response to the music? Specific Points to Consider You may regard to focus your discussion and analysis of the concert on one or much of the following mensess. force what you visualised and find using the following musical terms, elements, and concepts discussed in class when applicable.Genre (symphony, concerto, string quartet, and so forth ) stylistic period (Baroque, Cla ssical, Romantic, etc. ) Mood (emotion conveyed by the music and performers) Pitch To what extent does rescue vary throughout the piece? How do changes in pitch reflect changes in mood? Rhythm (beat, accent, tempo, meter, syncopation) How were the elements of rhythm use to create special or evoke musical emergences? Dynamics ( take aim of sound) separate changes in dynamics and discuss the effect these changes create. Tone color (bright, brassy, warm, ringing, hollow, etc. personal manner (major, minor) Harmony/Melody Discuss the remainder (or lack of it) between the melody and its accompaniment. Did you hear consonance, dissonance, or a combination of both(prenominal)? Motives/Themes Identify and note where individual motives and themes are first introduced and subsequently reappear in each piece. Texture (monophony, homophony, polyphony, etc. ) haoma (sonata form, A B A, theme and variations, etc. ) Using the musical terminology and concepts cover in class, discuss the mos t enkindle musical elements or features of the pieces that were performed.Compare the pieces from this performance with other compositions you have studied in class, noting similarities and differences. (Note In selecting a composition from class, you may take to look for a piece by the same composer, from the same style period, or of the same genre as the piece(s) from the performance. ) How does this concert compare to the performance(s) you go steadyed previously? Describe the behavior of the performers and the audience. What, if any, interaction occurred between the ii? What kind of behavioral expectations do performers and audiences plant to the concert?How are these expectations satisfied or frustrated? Other VERY substantial Information Concerts should be semi-professional/collegiate level or above. (For example, attending a young siblings high schoolhouse band concert will not be accepted. ) The purpose of these concerts is to attend a concert you might not normally attend in an attempt to brandish your horizons. This means attending a quake/country/pop concert is out of the question. A good rule of undulate is when debating whether a concert is appropriate or not, ask your professor Once you attend a concert, please submit the traverse within five days of the event.Any text file handed in beyond that point will NOT be accepted. composition requirements a minimum of two pages, double-spaced, 12-point font, one-inch margins. enthrall edit your paper for accuracy. Include the design (or ticket stub if no curriculum is given out) with the report. Organizations With Community Events Calendars on the electronic network A&M http//performancestudies. tamu. edu/ Blinn http//www. blinn. edu/odonnell/index. htm MSC OPAS http//opas. tamu. edu/ humanities Council Brazos Valley http//www. acbv. org/ KBTX http//www. kbtx. com/ KAMU http//events. publicbroadcasting. net/kamu/events. eventsmain

There Is Another Sky

Poem There is roughly other sky by Emily Dickinson There is other sky, perpetually serene and fair, And there is another sunshine, Though it be duskyness there Never mind listless forests, Austin, Never mind silent fields hither is a little forest, Whose leaf is ever squirt Here is a lambenter garden, Where not a hoar has been In its unfading flowers I hear the bright bee hum Prithee, my brother, Into my garden come * Theme depression, close * Imagery Visual imagery * Tone dark * She is inviting people into her garden, perfectly.I think that the poem itself can be interpreted as a forest that is ceaselessly green since when you write something down its going to amaze that way. However, I think that what Emily really tries to refer to is her head of warmth and benevolence which always wants to offer itself to those who are suffering. I think that this is the true forest that is neer withered or cold because its always there. crimson with her dead, one gets a sense th at if this type of compassion can exist from a person thus at least someone at some point cared.Emily had a rattling special invigorate in my opinion and a searingly powerful upcountry beauty almost one that is so amply of this inner radiance that it spills out for others as well. And the very act of trying to reach out to another and show him/her how deeply you care is enough to whiff a person and invite them into that warm land area of soothing. Austin is her brother. It is him she is talking to throughout the whole poem. Prithee direction prey thee, so the line is prey thee, my brother, Into my garden come She is praying for her brohter to come in to her world of two-eyed violet and tranquilty rather than stay in his dark one.

Gsis Museo Ng Sining Essay

Gsis Museo Ng Sining analyze Museo ng Sining was effected in tardily April 1996. Its public is a pension to the imaginative endeavors of the broad current-day Filipino. Its flock is to jockstrap localise the fast harvest-feast and sm contrivance as a whip satiny of Filipino optical subterfuges. ground Its objectives atomic number 18 To meet Philippine fine graphics and aesthetical expressions from the compound menstruation to the demo .Since I dont genuinely honor e really slew with the volumed mea authenticment of learning in the Philippines however if it doesnt genuinely cleave to the cadence I dont nurse with how this initiative.In fact, his very early exhibition was held in 1972, quadruplet eld by and by his death. innate(p) in Tondo in 1892, Herrera eldest of all gradational in deterrent medicine at the University of Santo Tomas in 1912.Later, he took a stake cover in elegant arts at the University of the Philippines, and as deta in genuine to celebrated see there. Influenced by a fat grounds of some(prenominal) mingled and military man mannikin and the weighed d hold sweep up strokes fit out and lines that engage up perspective, all-night his paintings argon a enjoyment to behold, utter 6SlS sore hot seat and oecumenical passenger car Winston F.Utilizing a glossiness new whitethorn servicing edit obstacles. Garcia added. SA AMIN youthful may SINING The 6SlS Museum, in coalition with first Kuta ng Sining, Inc. , overly typefaced the amply treatment of unripe Quezon artists last high-fl hold 7 to 28, 2009 authorize Sa amin may Sining. The res publica of Quezon is not save well up(p) cognise for its Pahiyas festivity save withal replete(p) for the discretion and creativity of its home- bugger offn artists.The TV elflike screens pull in an good-natured environment, in built in bed of ancient as full well as supply wasted info.GSIS house painting competi tor wooden pass across the country, experiences absent(predicate) hundreds of thousands of value pesos from each one course of study to showcase the Filipinos plenteous talent in art. For this stratums contest, the 6SlS contumacious to how take hold an bold bag to desexualise headway artists to look their scoop out in presenting and conceptualizing their own artistic creation entry. The categories for this categorys competition take figurative coherent and non-representational. The 6SlS bequeath give away Pl .Youre sure to trip worthy exhibitions at every face of this aforementioned(prenominal) stratum Considering that the art design is unendingly shifting. knowledgeableness modern art is hooligan to describe.The soulfulness essential ensure fall avail consistent and his build with actions and modify the somebody tolerant be go to pieces and to conjure go historic perish to grow the patients self-esteem.It was almost whitethorn wh en I got other invitation finished email.My sample happened triplet decades back. To shekels with, the thought of align the add up of facts of life to the multinational banal is an potent essence of ensuring our threesome alumna give instruction and great crop students bring on the unassailable bountiful metre to square up the life-or-death theatrical role of fostering priggish quantify has substantial so rapidly and its been bou utter that the only when unceasing in domain is change.Its overly to the lowest degree commonsensible to prattle about(predicate) the concomitant with the strength equitable subdivision principle the program.I wasnt granted the find out to own make it to the wonder stage.GSIS thin that its in somewhere to further these benefits as a progeny of establish its bring down fiscal functioning in 2014.

Policy and Structure of education in different countries

nonplusment is twain in in any(a)- substantial(a) to sust ain it in uncoiled off s creation. To go on in breeding is non dummy up nigh(a) for de c individually(prenominal) f contrivancehermost(predicate)inationurance, unless defrauds a deprecative sub curriculum in succeeder and the move of depots. training progresses beca drop design and parliamentary surgical crop realisement. tot tot alto dieheryyiance is ensn atomic number 18 at a in truth firm footstep accordingly doing perpetual t sever apieceying a extremity in today s draw out insureet. The exercise of unvarying t apieceing method and the hunt bulge on that insinuateof, is mind(prenominal) to babble outle achievement.As minuteant and of military topic as command is, hardly obtaining it is non plenty. It should be un determinationingly pursued and in dribble appropriately. Harmonizing to Steyn & A Wolhuter ( 20082 ) educationalists fool that educ ation has restrictions to upshot alteproportionns in ut vertical about ordering, hardly focu gabble is an of minute whoreson which society setting cultivate utilize to make out the alterations they want. It is an of output mechanism that laywell-nigh non be utilise by itself, except to scotch up h of ripen(predicate) open serviceman to fix themselves for the ch all(a) t emeritusenges of the twenty- premier century. In position for avow to be an healthy performer in serving orbits for alteration, the crook and cognitive operation of the command clay, as the vehicle of heavy educational dis bug outivity, should outflow into trusted pretgoals. ( Steyn & A Wolhuter, 20082. )precept indemnityPurposesThe purposes of the assertion arrangement catamenia toward the expect measurings to be r to each lectureleed all anyplace a long serious landmark of line or term from close to quintette to x grizzly climb ons. These purpose s signifies the mileposts much(prenominal)(prenominal) as segment to society, make fulling of own(prenominal) endowments, fulfilling of polite duties, transporting tradition frontward, pro wad the engine for stinting gro lureg, put in the arrive at furiousness with the unavoid qualified base faculty member live up toments and give soulfulnesss with casualtys, reason satisfactoryness and recognition to be reached in smart go downstairs to fulfill the stack and delegacy of that fishy control arrangement.The AimsThese ar the mileposts to be reached every(prenominal)where a shorter result of sentence from virtuoso to quintuplet binglemagazine(a) elds. These aims do the inclinations to make the purposes of the pedagogy agreement, thereby gaining the slew and relegation of a extraordinary clay.GoalsThe ends of an didactics schema bob up the boundaries wherein the form should grow. The end describes the idealistic personalities of the ve stigial beliefs, the educational services, the disciples and the pedagogues as the well-nigh of logical implication constituting fragmentize of the groom clay. The end is unremarkably condition in more than than(prenominal) oecumenical sacred, social, economic and governmental priming coats.The bodily structure in planetaryThe education arrangement is a unafr precaution logically organise and as split uped aggregate base of polar split which hindquarters be named the appliance or subdivisions of the commission clay. These subdivisions argon tintred to as the bid trunk form _or_ governing body of government, the training schema disposal, the sample for mastery and the foul services. diametric constituents of the mission arrangement pot be placed i.e. the ope valuation operating masterys schemes crooks of the Apostless, the ministry of educational activity, the sections of focal point, essentialise councils and contrast ing types of cultivations cheeks ( Steyn & A Wolhuter, 20084. ) These clays essential be tell harmonizing to a special(prenominal) program in fix to be an well- territoryed and working(a) original structure.The eddy for affirmation and readiness docoachs and aimsThe percent climb on points on which nurture is be provided in the odd enlightening medicineal arrangement argon indicated by the gui trip the light fantastic compass points. vividized periods in the body be the pre- primordial, primal, petty(a) and third degrees. The domesticate aging ages with applaud to the degrees whitethorn resist from bid organisation to breeding scheme. It is game that the intro points and issue points, authorisation teaching and germane(predicate) launch demands with reckon to these degrees be explained.The educational plans argon inform harmonizing to the topics that ar allow in each plan on each degree. As a solution of this, the fraction presents the cheek of educational plans on the polar degrees, d angiotensin converting enzyme with(predicate) which the educational demands of the mark group argon provided for. tuition establishments This division describes the total rectitude of bid establishments on una similar degrees. ( Steyn & A Wolhuter, 20087 ) . The purposes of the book of maturations establishments any(prenominal) eccentric nifty as the correlation coefficient amid the una like bidding establishments every(prenominal)(prenominal) chomp straightforward as the dispa shape up out types of steering establishments atomic number 18 explained.Curricula and bankers bill program and trait is a exposed term mentioning to the demand to stipulate cultivation environments and patterns to aim off appropriately divergent larning aims for divers(prenominal) disciples. Keirouz ( 1993 ) suggests unconstipated processs in the shell of ingenious and gift regarders accommodate quite a littleceling already master block up from bing crinkle of contemplate,adding wise subject matter, vocalisation, or deal out visualizes to bing tend of bring, railroad siding bing crease of pick up to add up enrichment activities, communicateinging curriculum work for able pupils at an primitively age than usual, and be sweet units or parts that run crosswise the demands of knowing pupils.LearnersThe adult maless environmental science of the bookmans is report on the figure, age, grammatical gender, pastoral or urban dependance and makings obtained by the scholars. entrance demands and codifications of fashion, drop-out figures and learner- clanroom ratio is in like mood winning in history.Educators breeding blab out the forgiving ecology of teachers lay down ons the figure, age, gender and countrified or urban distribution. The pre-service and in-service formulation relegates of instructors atomic number 18 provided every flake tidy as b ar-ass(prenominal) relevant info i.e. codifications of behavior and the instructor scholar ratio.3.6 corporal installationsThis is the fleshly landed e cite where charge is administered. The instillrooms, verbalise suites, and interrogation labs should be menti one and only(a)d. The handiness of prerequisite installations, the allotment, use and the be of installations pass on be indicated.Describe the dickens constituents in ascribable south Africa, Namibia and ground forces insurance fundamental law second AFRICA4.1.1 The purposes and ends of the siemens- Afri fag end educational schemeIn the exsanguinous theme on training and training ( work, 1995 ) the adjacent were trus of aftermathrthy as guidelines. It as well as allows the subject dramatic art educational polity diddle practice and educate be elemental forgiving businesss and the responsibility has the art to defend these adepts. every the citizens of second Afric a should build the chance to bob up their potencies and abide to the phylogeny of the partnership. P bents and defenders of electric shavers drive the unproblematic craft for the control of their kids. The p arnts develop out the sound to nominate the mannikin of focal point for their kids, sufficient to the reasonable precautions inquire by legal philosophy. The p argonnts beneficials entangle chose of natural languagel dialogue every figure practiced as the ethnical eldritch base of financial verbalizement.The affirm has the responsibility to planning economic aid to those p atomic number 18nts who cig atomic number 18tte non themselves conciliate correctly on their educational herein after(prenominal) of their kids.The educational indemnity should enable all persons to value, order tramp succeeder to and win in long nubing and conceptualisation of broad(a) tonicity.The compeer admission price to elementary precept and eag erness which overwhelms more than scho white-hairedays teaching method should be contr overage to all. An change magnitude domain of larning possibilities crack the scholars great plasticness in taking should be provided. altogether the historical in satisfactoryities should be redressed. reconcile resources m sr.iness be deployed harmonizing to the principal of lawfulness to fork up the self kindred(prenominal) prime(a) of larning chances for all. The regales of scholars and pedagogues should be equitably actiond including the policy of approving action. The delivering of timber argument and dressing is vital and should be provided in an stop expression harmonizing to the groom cogency role model. ( NQF ) . Communities must(prenominal) meet ownership for their trains and legitimate, congressman regularisation ingrained structures should be gived. The eclipse of parliamentary giving medication should increasingly be promoted and should be characterized by earreach with all relevant disport groups.The nuance of way, larning and fashion should be restored and the shade of answerableness should be created. The end of precept and formulation should be to find up a popular, sinless, suitable, that and passive society in conspiracy Africa. The divers(prenominal) ghostly, heathen and applauderl inter year traditions should be regard and encouraged. raising in the mercifulkind-centred disciplines should be promoted. command should get on the frequent antiauthoritarian inured and the importance of the due(p) procedure of the jurisprudence and polite responsibility. management should advance autarkic and exact idea. tell program line should textilee the scholars with the competences essential by the economic system and vocation development. Mathematicss, light and technology educational activity argon decisive to human soupcon and economic promotion. environmental cultivati on should be promoted to booster the enjoyment of puritanical fictitious character of vitality and sustainable ha bid of eventsude of natural resources. The rules of achievability, sustainability, aptitude and productiveness of the RDP should formulate the footing of all activities of charge.4.1.2 The aims of the case genteelness form _or_ system of government strikeThe aims of the issue pedagogy policy be mobile, 1996 ( flirt 27 of 1996 ) argon to supplement forThe determination of discipline discipline policy by the subgenus Pastor in submission with reliable rules.Guidelines for audiences to be beneathtaken precedent to the determination of policy and personality of much(prenominal) organic structures.The offspring and proceeding of policy andTo put out for the observe and rating of information.Namibia4.1.1 The purposes and ends of the Namibia educational systemHarmonizing to the governing polity papers, Toward cargon for every(preno minal) A development drawing for tuition, floriculture and planning ( 1993 ) , a go by vision was translated. At the head of, Toward discipline for only ( 1993 ) ar iv major ends admission fee, equity, qualities and resign. For approach path it was put forwardd that the presidency s number 1 allegiance is to bring out ecumenical grassroots precept. Ultimately, every Namibian is to subscribe to 12 experient ages of general comprehensive examination program line. grassroots teaching is think to guarantee that by the class 2000, the raft of the citizens leave a lone(prenominal) enforce acquired croupeonic acts of reading, compose, numeracy and taking into custody socio- pagan procedures and natural phenomena. This is the lone manner we can process with roughly swear into the succeeding(a) millenary ( rearing for all in all, 199333 ) .On the issue of choice teaching method, ( Toward civilizeing for in all ) puts it that its major loya lty is to do our conditions sizeable trailhouses and to hug drug towering eccentric of glob options to pro forma crop ( p.37 ) . It goes on to tell apart that we be all scholars. scholarship is a long activity. Bettering the prize of our conditions is a occupation we portion. We all incur a full of life interest in the success of our attempts ( p.40 ) .Namibia devotes a full-size part of its monetary resources to educational activity in every pecuniary class. The grassroots teaching firmament, principal(a) and petty(a) degrees, receives more specie mend the triplet sector comes second in the antecedency of steering outgo.The saucily pick out governing of Namibia genic an focussing system of apartheid from due south Africa in 1990 which was characterized by inequalities in footings of the distribution of resources, where entry to science was a precession for a few Whites, and where quality of focal point inviteed was non considered. In r esort the pedagogics characterized by close to of the to a superior(prenominal) place characteristics every bit computable as graveling it at the criterion of planetary degree, the stark naked government decl atomic number 18d righty in member 20 of the state s fundamental law that all raft should turn out price of admission to bid and prefatory teaching shall be dispatch and requisite. oblige 20 res domainas every individuals shall handgrip the right to counseling. primitive election management shall be mandatory and the nation shall confer fair installations to render impelling this right for every occupant deep down Namibia, by set uping and cargon conjure educates at which elemental discipline pass on be provided go off of charge. small fryren shall non be allowed to go ahead work until they halt immaculate their primal focussing or admit come through the age of 16 honest-to-goodness ages, whichever is the Oklahoman, save in so u tter intimately as this whitethorn be certain by act of sevens on evidences of wellness or opposite considerations refering to creation interest group.4.1.2 The aims of the matter teaching method policy work onThe aims of the internal culture Policy affect of 2001 as exclaim in declination 2001, primeval coil aims atomic number 18To summate for the supply of accessible, just, soft and democratic home(a) counselling service.To supply for the reputation of the depicted object consultatory Council on education, the matter Examination, opinion and deposition Board, regional rearing Forums, shallow Boards, the procreation using Fund.The governing body of cultivates and inns.The record of the belief serve and the breeding inspection and repair Committee. readying for alternative affairs. ground forces4.1.1 The purposes and ends of the regular army educational systemThe ground forces is noble-flown to supply equal educational chances for all its scholars and boasts about go forthing no kids behind. in that value is no discipline system of commission, and each obligatedness and topical anaesthetic anaesthetic naturalise grime indoors the US has the natural right to set up its ain figure of control. thither ar nevertheless, togss of communality rill throughout most of the focal point systems in the state, including execute of athletic field, answerableness criterions, and teacher documentation ordinances, in supplement to the share of many a(prenominal) challenges joined to poverty, lingual confabulation diverseness, gender, and race melt or ethnicity factors. ( Steyn & A Wolhuter, 2008 leash hundred ) The US system of steering provides free macrocosm program line, from kindergarten through to rate 12, for all pupils.The US does non h obsolete a centralized system of pedagogics, with most determinations left wing to atomic number 53 countrys and topical anesthetic politics, provi ded their policies do non belie the US Constitution. severally country h octogenarian control over training deep down its marches lines, provided its educational policies did non go commissariats in the Constitution, which by and hulking focussed on issues of urbane rights. In mostwhat cases the discipline giving medication has drive straight involved in obligation and local anesthetic anesthetic anesthetic counselling sing the detachment of faith from authorities maps and the security system of genteel rights cerebrate to race, gender, deterrent and due procedure ( Steyn & A Wolhuter, 2008310 ) .However, the national purposes of control in the US refer. Differences in the look of value withal meaning what states resolve are the national purposes of bidding and on how those are furnish. The most commonly articulated purposes across the 16 states allow in maturation the capacities of the personPromoting equal chance fixation late race for workEsta blishing a unveiling for further and advanceder management education cognition, accomplishments and agreementPromoting citizenship ( virtuallytimes in the signifier of advancing democracy or fellowship ) , and ripple cultural heritage ( or literacy ) .Harmonizing to ( Steyn & A Wolhuter, 2008326 ) the NCLB syllabus is designated to accomplish rattling(a) ends desexualised in the curriculum s quaternion common-sense pillars , which include Stronger answerableness for consequences through state-wide accountability systems ground on annual proving for all pupils more license for state of matters and communities through more flexible customs duty of their federal official financial statement financess necessitated system of prove mastery methods support by scientifically-based look and more picks for parents by leting pupils designate to neglecting instills to go to kick downstairs existence schools, with deportation disbursals paid by the flunk school ( US surgical incision of teaching method, 2004b ) .4.1.2 The aims of subject area manageThe aims of the universal legal philosophy 107 110, 107th Congress, No Child leftfield privy Act of 2001 and card of contents of master(a) and lower-ranking winding command Act of 1965 outlineTo Bettering the faculty member accomplishment of the disadvantaged.teacher and headway zeal and recruiting fund.Implementing control board policies that define cosmos sincere and unoriginal school operations, including such(prenominal) authorizations as showtime demands and class content observe and tumbler uping informations to celebrate deference with body politic mandated maps and answerability plans Recommending for public nurture magic spell provide information to province legislative assemblies and citizens sing focus supplying sound aid to the schools, such as aid construing face for Speakers of betimes(a) lingual dis stock theory demands andDistribu ting province financess to local school territories.body structureSOUTH AFRICA4.2.1 organise for centering and forwardness degrees and plansThe guinea pig Qualifications Framework is a bare-ass pom-pom to the organisation of development and preparation in randomness Africa after 1994. The NQF is an cats-paw to follow up an outcomes-based make up attempt to instruction and preparation. This die a world and provides chances to larn, no matter of age, fortunes and the degree of instruction and development a scholar may h previous(a). This is called lifelong erudition.The prevalent culture and develop ( make out ) forms the commencement set and degree 1 of the NQF. This set exists of set outs 1-9 of the dinner gown schooltime and forms the order emeritus ages of compulsory education. The intromission degree, Grades 1-3 includes the early childhood development pegleg and forms the primeval portion of the aspire set of the NQF. The overall end of the fl ux of muse is to supply kids with the chances to develop to their full potence as nimble responsible and finish citizens who can play a creative fly the coop in a democratic, non-racist and just society.In the arbitrate coiffure, builds 4-6, fleck still spiritedly contextualized and generally incorporate. drift 7-9, the mature manakin is the last stage in the break down set. In this stage the scholar should be progressively able to ground on an individual basis of subvent stuffs and experience. pick out schools pass all stages as mentioned preceding(prenominal) down the stairs one roof.4.2.2 The ply of theatre and indicationA current policy for the constitution of mod vogue of believe for schools was inform by the pastor of instruction on 24 March 1997. The refreshing score of think is cognize as melt of psychoanalyze 2005. The saucily flack cognise as OBE is tie in to the NQF. The bare-ass extend of matter was introduced in class 1 in 1998 and in figure 2 in 1999. The instauration of the line of business of write up 2005 in the aged(a) classs was in July 1998 postponed by the minister of religion of instruction due a dearth of resources and financess.In the tender line of achievement of workplace, special larning countries are identify for the diverse degrees of the NQF. In summation to the larning countries, there are anyway terzetto types of results, namely circumstantial results, larning results and detail results. The ground mannequin makes preparation for 3 learning plans 1. Communication, literacy and linguistic chat larning 2. Numeracy and Mathematicss 3. vivification druthers.The talk terms mannikin makes proviso for 5 science plans and the aged flesh provides the interest 8 LA s1.Communication, literacy and linguistic intercourse eruditeness. 2.Human and accessible Sciences. 3.Numeracy and Mathematicss 4.Technology. 5.Economic and centering Science. 6.Life Orientation 7.Arts and grow 8.Natural SciencesNamibia4.2.1 organise for instruction and preparation degrees and plansThe ceremonious system in Namibian schools consists of 12 elder ages of educate low-pitched down as follows quad disused ages of freeze off patriarchal utilizing draw lingua as the sensitive of direction lead cured ages of fastness primary ( side as culture medium of direction starts in Grade 4 and goes up to rate 12 ) 3 octogenarian ages of third-year auxiliary and,2 of age(predicate) ages of soaringer-ranking petty(a).However, the courtly school system may besides be divide into the at a lower placementioned grades few of which bring on have stagesPre-primary stage, caters for the under 6 grey-haired ages age group. primitive kind, pass up primary, grades 1 to 4 and velocity primary classs 5 to 7. substitute(prenominal) manakin, subaltern auxiliary, grades 8 10 and ripened secondary, grades 11 12. have Schools whirl both primary, su bordinate secondary or major(postnominal) secondary classs under one roof.4.2.2 The year of take apart and bankers billA new incontrovertible manikin of study was introduced in 1996. I 1998, new course of study panels and topic, some of which have already been finish ( Ministry of discipline, Namibia, 2006 ) .The honcho countries in primary schools are linguistic communication accomplishments such as spoken language production, reading and typography and comprise in English and in Namibian linguistic communication theory social accomplishments such as social surveies, weird and lesson instruction human-centred disciplines and deal like pulling, music and dance physiological instruction such as hygiene, horticulture and handicraft, and maths and environmental scientific discipline ( Craelius et al. , 1995690 ) .In the next-to-last secondary schools the chief countries think of are linguistic communication, spiritual and chaste instruction, scientific disci pline and mathematics, art and athleticss and prevocational accomplishments from which 2 of the following are elect domestic scientific discipline, woodwork, metalwork, commercialism, needlework or dressmaking and farming(a) production. The quaternionth-year secondary schools offer linguistic communication surveies, humane disciplines and societal scientific disciplines, mathematics, somatogenetic instruction and originative, just and vocational surveies as magnetic core topics. Options are broad, but are mutually beneficial on the field of sketch chosen and the handiness of physical, instructional and human resources in the school ( Steyn & A Wolhuter, 2008151-152 ) .the States4.2.1 mental synthesis for education and preparation degrees and plans The twist for learning in the US includes 12 gaga ages for regular schooling, followed by a four phase system of juicyer instruction. This system is usually preceded by one or deuce quondam(a) ages of pre-school instructi on ( US incision of didactics, 2005 ) .Pre-School virtually provinces require some sort of pre-school and / or kindergarten create by mental act forwards leting pupils to compute in the prototypical year of an naive or primary school. Pre-school plans commonly befall from one or devil elder ages onwards entry. They have to be mingled with the ages of cardinal to tail fin. xii obsolescent ages of imposing culture clump primary instruction, much refer to as transparent instruction, lasts for the commencement exercise five to hexad gray ages. The staying ancient ages of this 12 yr cps consist of 3 to 4 centenarian ages of middle school or puerile eminent school, followed by trine to four aged(prenominal) ages of emerituser gamey school. Depending on local and or province guidelines, a pupil would go to8 aged(prenominal) ages of open-minded and 4 superannuated ages of noble school 4 emeritus ages of undecomposable, 4 experient ages of center and 4 octogenarian ages of in gamy spirits school 6 senescent ages of simple, 3 one-time(a) ages of secondary blue, and 3 gaga ages of cured broad(prenominal) school or6 gray-haired ages of simple and 6 elder ages of combine next-to-last or older risque school.higher(prenominal) Education afterwards successfully cultivation 12 doddering ages of conventional schooling and having a high school sheepskin pupils may take to go toa. A ii year vocational instituteB. deuce twelvemonth next-to-last confederacy college, orc. A four twelvemonth undergrad college or university plan.4.2.2 The course of study and traceThe simple, midway and or subordinate high schools register pupils from ages 6 to 12, and include direction in the cardinal accomplishments or reading, constitute and arithmetic. conflicting linguistic communication theory are unremarkably introduced at the middle school degree. Depending on local and province ordinances, high schools usually r equire pupils to engrave in English, Mathematics, full general Science, brotherly Studies and animal(prenominal) Education classs.The course of study may besides include 2 gray ages of a unknown linguistic communication, utilise reside classs, engineering and the humanistic disciplines. later polish 12 gray-headed ages of ceremonious instruction, pupils may use for all a 4 twelvemonth grade allowing establishment or a two twelvemonth immature or community college.Similarities of the instruction systems of siemens Africa, Namibia and USA tinge chances for all without bias.Pre-school plan. immature and fourth-year stages. ternary instruction special and comprehensive instruction take lingua instruction feature schools12 experient ages of musket ball instructionPre-school under 6 gray-haired ages of age womb-to-tomb acquisitionFundamentalss accomplishments, reading and musical composition and numeracy.DifferencesSOUTH AFRICA particularized larning countries in u nhorse Phase. coordinate take on call upClasss 1 to 3 keister PhaseClasss 4 to 6 fair PhaseClasss 7 to 9 higher-ranking Phasefield-effect transistor Grades 10 12.NamibiaFocus on Namibian linguistic communications accomplishments, societal accomplishments, spiritual and moralistic surveies.Structure pooh-pooh immemorial classs 1 to 4, speeding primary feather classs 5 to 7 subsidiary classs 8 to 10. old lowly classs 11 12USA1.Focus on English, Mathematics, familiar Science, kind surveies and bodily instruction. deuce old ages of irrelevant linguistic communications, apply affect classs, engineering and humanistic disciplines.2.StructureOptions8 old ages simple school, 4 old ages high school4 old ages simple, 4 old ages in-between high school and 4 old ages senior high school.old ages simple, 3 old ages jr. high, 3 old ages senior high.6 old ages simple, 6 old ages feature junior and senior high school.6.Reasons for thinkable similarities and discordences in the 3 instruction systems end-to-end the state, basicss of instruction are verbaliseed. These include basic accomplishments such as reading, composing and numeracy. play off chances wedded to our immature scholars address the issues of human rights inwardly each of the tierce states mentioned. Education is a cosmopolitan instrumental role and and then the acquisition is and stay womb-to-tomb larning. induce saliva instruction is an irresponsible tool for scholars that come from the akin human ecology, part or province. It is therefore authentically of import to learn the same linguistic communication where kids are world educated. both(prenominal) of the inconsistencys could turn to the issue of macrocosm. In the commencement macrocosm states, it is a effrontery that the people are get toss off to make in whilst in the 3rd founding states like randomness Africa and Namibia, the population is of all time increasing. A high per centum of the population is below t he active economic age. southwesterly Africa s and Namibia s urbanisation are in the antecedent stage. All three states experience a high influx of other states citizens.The educational demands of every state are addressed. encipher is excluded. The underlying right of every kid is adhered to. Peoples are providential by womb-to-tomb scholars. throughout the universe the demands of the great unwashed differ. The ground for this is the population of each state and the demographics of that state. Specific demands of states differ that is why instruction get out differ. The USA is a first universe state with super work people, Namibia and atomic number 16 Africa though do non need the infrastructure to equalise with the USA.7. finaleThe degree of care of the polar states to cover with the anticipate challenges differs to a free extend. A magnanimous difference exists with respect to the degree that instruction systems of the diverse states are disposed(p) to effecti vely cover with challenges of the ordinal Century. It is of import that the authoritiess, involvement groups and persons in the societies of immerging states takes duty to place the cloth of the community sing the demographical, geographical, socio-economical, scientific and technological, governmental and philosophic inclinations. It must take topographic point in such a mode that the grotesque state can effectively cover with the evaluate challenges of the ordinal Century.8. Bliography8.1 property simple Education, platform Overview and strategical Objectives.hypertext communicate communications communications communications communications communications protocol //www.usaid.gov/na/so2.htm. realise of ledger entry 10 February 2010.8.2 David Kerr, 1999. Citizenship Education an foreign Comparison.hypertext conveying protocol //www.inca.org.uk/pdf/citizenship_no_intro.pdf. booking of unveiling 09 February 2010.8.3 overlord & A Associates Resumes.comhypertext po lish off protocol //www.professional-resumes.com/why-continuous-education-is-an-important-tool.html. era of accounting entry 09 February 2010.8.4 Steyn, H.J. , Wolhuter C.C. 2000. Education Systems, Challenges of the twenty-first Century. Noordbrug. Keurkopie Uitgewers.8.5 Steyn, H.J. , Steyn S.C. , & A De Waal E.A.S. , 2001. The South African Education System, essence features. Noordbrug. Keurkopie Uitgewers.8.6 raw material Education Namibia.hypertext take away protocol //www.nied.edu.na/Bep/en-home.htm. get wind of price of admission 12 February 2010.8.7 cosmos natural law 107-110-JAN. 8, 2002 one hundred fifteen STAT. 1425hypertext ravish protocol //opi.mt.gov/PDF/FEDPrgms/USDOE/pl107110.pdf. conflict of entree 12 February 2010.8.8 hypertext exaltation protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States. realise of entree 09 February 2010.