Soft Drink Industry Essay Example for Free

Soft Drink Industry EssayThe global soft bedevil effort is currently expanding rather rapidly. This is due to two major factors. First, marts atomic number 18 expanding rapidly in developing countries and second people are turning toward natural, healthy, and low-calorie drinks. This so called new-age beverages, such as tea-based beverages, is considerably stimulating the development of the soft drink industry and also creating a major challenge to the carbonated beverage food market.In get off the ground to address this trend, big soft drink companies, like Pepsi and Coke, are striving to become a total beverage club (Seet and Yoffie 95), in which they will military service the comprehensive soft drink market. Generally speaking, the soft drink off-trade value worldwide is gradually rising ever year, from $231,401 in 2001 to $323,031 in 2006 (Global grocery nurture Database 2007). The biggest market for soft drinks is still North America and Western Europe, which tog ether consumed 43% of gross soft drink volume worldwide in 2006 (Global Market selective information Database 07).However, the general developing trend for the North America and Western European market is now shrinking in terms of the global market while the Asian market is expanding very rapidly in recent years to now account for 22% of the global market (Global Market Information Database 07). The market volumes of Africa, the Middle East, and Australia are comparatively smaller. However, the Middle East, Africa, Eastern Europe, and Asia-pacific markets are emerging markets and attract many companies, ranging from multinationals to niche specialists, who continue to see volume offshoot well in excess of the market average (Robinson 04).With the growth in volume, the average level of profitability of the soft drink industry remains quite gamy up. First, the concentrate producers (CPs) have become integrated with bottling companies, thereby reducing point of intersectionion eq uals. The CPs and bottlers remain profitable through interdependence, sharing promotional and advertising and trade costs (Seet and Yoffie 95). For example, Coca-Cola has many bottlers in different regions therefore, their dissemination cost is not as high. Furthermore, the CPs directly negotiate with the suppliers to efficiently manage qualities for their products.In addition, their product line and distribution chain is now more systemic and integrated. Big soft drink producers increasingly franchise bottlers or buy a part from them rather than controlling bottling totally by themselves. This has activated and developed the capital-intensive bottling business. In spite of these trends competition remains intense, such as amidst distributors and also between new local labels and international drink corporations. Thirdly, the soft drink industry has several channels to sell to consumers such as vend forges, convenience stores, aliment stores (supermarkets), and national ware houses.For example after a long work-out, wizard quenches ones thirst by going to a soft drink vending machine for a Cola. With this distribution channel, soft drinks are sold directly to consumers without bargaining. In 1993, Coca-Cola sold approximately 45% of their soft drinks through vending machine in the Japanese market (Seet and Yoffie 95). Another reason for the level of profitability of the soft drink industry remaining quite high is because this industry has a nearly 47% market share of the non-alcoholic beverages industry (Deichert 06).It is also to be noted that some of the soft drink vendors like Coca-Cola and Pepsi have gotten their logos printed on cups at fast food restaurants so that customers are readily reminded of their brands. Big name soft drinks also promote their brands by getting them placed in the middle shelves of stores to attract customers. With the constant expansion of Pepsi products into foreign countries, it may seem challenging for Coca-Cola Enterp rises (CCE) to sustain their status in the soft drink industry. The soft drink industry is one of the industries that we consider mild on the storey spectrum of Michael Porters five private-enterprise(a) forces.As we look at the first competitive force, the threats of new entrants, we cannot help but consider the high capital enthronisation in building simply a minimum bottling plant a pricey amount of $20 million to $30 million is acquireed (Seet and Yoffie 95). This means that in the category of the threats of new entrants, bottling plant yields a low to medium degree of intensiveness. Also, a Seet and Yoffie states that in 1980, government policy intervened and established the Soft Drink Inter-brand Competition Act to help preserve the right of CPs to include real geographical territories (95).Meanwhile, concentrate businesses, a medium to high intensive business, involve very little capital of machinery, overhead and labor (Seet and Yoffie 95). However, it does required s ome advertising, promotion, market research and advertising (Seet and Yoffie 95) Another factor is that the bargaining strength of suppliers of concentrate business is low. When asked, Are they easy to be replaced? The answer is, Yes. The bottling business, on the other hand, has a high bargaining male monarch of suppliers because it is difficult to replace these businesses since they are one of a kind.There is only one Coca-Cola brand, or one Pepsi or one Seven-Up in this world. It would take years to replace these well known and well established products. On the contrary, the bargaining power of buyers of concentrate business is high while for bottling business is medium. For instance, when a concentrate conjunction bargains with a Seven-Up company regarding their supply of pattern, Seven-Up can decide who they choose to supply their recipe to since currently there is only one Seven-Up recipe in the soft drink market. Therefore, the concentrate business has a low bargaining power of buyers.In terms of fear of threat of substitute products, the bottling business is medium. Coke and Pepsis franchise agreement allowed bottlers to handle the non-cola brands of other concentrate producers (CPs) (Seet and Yoffie 95). The bottling companies seem to be submissive to Coke and Pepsi. Lastly, rivalry among competing firms for concentrate business seems to be quite high. There seems to exist quite a few international brands such as RC Cola, Dr. Pepper/Seven-Up, and Cadburry Schweppes, who produce only concentrate.As for the bottling business, the rivalry among competing firms is low because of certain franchise agreement such as one Coca-Cola and Pepsi presented. Seet and Yoffie reports that with the agreement a gust bottler cannot sell RC Cola, but they can distribute Seven-Up as long as they do not carry Sprite (95) Neverthe slight the concentrate producers (CPs) postulate to vertically integrate into bottling for two main reasons to make their operation syste m more efficiency and to cut costs. These factors are interrelated. First, CPs can make their operating(a) system more efficient through vertical integration.For instance, if two different sectors, such as bottling business or concentration business, are following the very(prenominal) rules, having the kindred operating system then it is easier for them to work together. Second, CPs can reduce some costs by vertically integrating. One example is exertion costs. According to Seet and Yoffie, concentrate producers most significant costs include advertising, promotion, market research, and bottler relations (95). For example, if CPs were to cut down their costs from one of these significant costs, they would form more profits.Moreover, CPs are usually in charge of market research, product planning and advertising while bottlers play an important role in developing trade and consumer promotions. In order to have a reliable supply, CPs have to be in direct contact with the bottlers a nd monitor them, therefore, CPs need to employ more staff to work on this part. If CPs can vertically integrate into bottling, they could save more money and in the same time provide quality with quantity. In recent years, the CCEs sales volume in China has been growing with rates of averaging at 16 to 17 percent annually.At the same time, Chinas retail environment has been changing rapidly. According to president of CCE China division, Paul Etchells, although small retail outlets are still prevalent in China, the number of hyper-marts (larger retail outlets) and supermarkets is rocketing. In China, CCE has to keep up with the rising charter for their brands. They have to continuously increase their production plants, employees, and distribution channels. CCEs market in the US, however, has been slowing down because US consumers are becoming more health-conscious (Stanford 07).They are now consuming less carbonated beverages preferring provender sodas (but these are carbonated), c offee, teas, bottled water, and energy drinks. This is a problem for CCE because the majority of CCEs products are carbonated drinks (Stanford 07). Another factor that slows CCE is the rising commodity cost in the US. This cost then will be passed to US consumers. Historically, the Chinese government wanted to protect the domestic soft drink industry by setting up strict regulations on foreign soft drinks companies (Seet and Yoffie 95). Today, the government is more lenient to foreign businesses (Stanford 07).Building new manufacturing plants and selling CCEs products to Chinese consumers is not as hard as it was in the past. However, doing business in China requires CCE to build a relationship with the government. The concept of Guanxi is an important factor that determines the success of a company (Seet and Yoffie 95). CCEs managers in China spent a lot of time building relationships with the Chinese officials. Since corruption is common in China and CCE is a US based company, the CCE has a dis profit doing business in China. In the US, on the other hand, business is done more formally.There is not an urgent need to build a relationship with the government. However, an increasing number of consumers in US is concerned with issues relating to sustainability. Therefore, CCE needs to address issues such as water scarcity and pollution. In other words, Chinas growing demand and US decreasing demand for Coca-Cola products accounted for CCEs heavy investment in the Chinese market. Coca-cola was introduced to China in the early 1920s and came back after the declaration of the People Republic of China in 1949 through stiff negotiation with the Chinese officials (Seet and Yoffie 95).Since the 1940s, Coca-Cola dominated the U. S. market, which provided the company with financial leverage to expand into internationally and set the tone and the pricing strategy for Pepsi. At that time Pepsi did not have the matching financial power and resources to face any challenges C oca-Cola could introduce in the beverage market (Seet and Yoffie 95). Therefore, Coca-Cola and Pepsi have been fierce rivals in both domestic and international markets. Each company is exploitation a different strategy to remain in control while increasing their net revenue.Coca-Cola entered China before Pepsi did. However, the soft drink market in China can absorb both products due to the fact that China has one fourth of the worlds population, which provides a great swap of demand for both companies to generate profit. Looking at both companys strategies, one can see that both companies are aiming to become established in the beverage market in China. Moreover, Pepsi seems to be making better acquisition decisions than Coca-Cola however, the financial figures reveal the victor.The purchases that Pepsi has recently made will take their toll in the form of long term debt, while Coke can concentrate more on increasing market share, as they are much less leveraged than their largest competitor. Coca-cola and Pepsi control 19% and 9% of the Chinese soft-drink market respectively. Coca-Cola operates in 23 bottling plants with total investment of $500 million, while Pepsi operates on 18 plants with total investment of $ 600 million (Seet and Yoffie 95). Coca-Cola is buying their own assets or entering in a joint venture with the Chinese government.For example in China the government owns plants and distribution centers, while Pepsi is pursuing joint ventures and mergers with local companies. The battle for the soft drink industry in China will require a great deal of financial and marketing resources to cover all aspects of competition in local industry. For example, Coca-cola officials are heavily involved with the government, where they spend almost 50% of their time supply and entertaining the government officials to gain more influence in their operation (since the corruption rate in China is high) (Seet and Yoffie 95).Doing so will provide an advantage over Pepsi because the distribution plants need to be close to the local market to be able to provide the market with competitive products that are cheap and of high quality. In comparison with Coke, Pepsis strategy of joint ventures with local industry helps them cut costs and pass the savings to the Chinese consumers (Seet and Yoffie 95). Finally, both companies are drop heavily and using their equity to expand and generate revenue in China, which financial figures show that they will not have any financial liquid in the near future if they continue at the same rate of investment.

Critical Thinking Discussion and Summary Essay Example for Free

Critical Thinking Discussion and Summary EssayI dont receive if there is a universal correct definition of critical appreciateing. I think this a very(prenominal) individualistic tool used by world to break down different problems and situations and the best way to go about coming up with the best resolution in a non-biased manner. Gathering a thought process that is reasonable and with demeanor. This is simply how I would personally define critical thinking. Thinking things over more than once, second guessing yourself here and there, perceive things from multiple perspectives, and more or less weightyly thinking if your thoughts would be different from the other side of an argument or situation. I think critical thinking is important for us to fully understand ourselves and our situations as well as others and their situations.Critical thinking is considering multiple angles and viewpoints and trying to understand them and where they come from, as well as why they exist . In my life personally, critical thinking has always been something I would like to think Ive had due to being raised in a very diverse atmosphere and a very diverse community. Ive seen racism towards more than one race, Ive seen both sides of different biases, and I have lived in a exquisite town closed minded community as well as the middle of a large densely populated city. It makes you think differently than most around you. It seems like you feel differently than most around you.There isnt much that surprises you so there arent many situations that you are uncomfortable in. You think originally you act, you think before you speak, and you take time and consideration to realize the type of environment you are in and the people you are surrounded by. Things like this dont go through every young persons mind before acting or speaking. You slow down, you react calmer, and you try not to get too high or too low. From this course I dont think Im looking for how to think critically as much as why some of us do think critically and some of us dont. I think Im looking for more reasoning for the differential than a definition of critical thinking.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Renewable Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Renewable Energy Environmental Sciences EssayThis work will represent opinions and thoughts of incompatible scientists, sociologists and politics cogitate to the most discussing topic now days, renewable sources of dexterity. Lets go back in time hundred thousand years ago when our yet non developed ancestors noticed that fire can be used in many purposes. It was the first dexterity source. Fossil fuels ar the main representative of non-renewable energy free radical and wind, water, solar forcefulness is renewable group, because they are unlimited and can be easily recycled. Major concern in the world is that fossil fuel example produce dramatically huge emission. President of the United States claimed in his speech to United Nations that Were investing billions to capture carbon taint so that we can clean house up our coal plants(President Obama, 2010). Many debates cause occurred since people started to think about future and became thre atened that fossil fuels can just go out of investment trust one day, much over such things as wind miles, solar strength panels were represented to the world, so the solution is already exist for problem of pollution and destroying environment due to the incredible industrial consumption of energy. However economical question has arisen. This type of technologies is very expensive now, but on other turn over the price on them would never be reduced without apply it. At present days it is possible to see how this usage of these technologies started to accelerate. Many people and different companies started to apply green energy technologies in their life. For example here in Dubai 80% of the water shake uped ether by raw(a) sun light, modify the tank on the roof or again by the cater of sun light but now, recycled in to the pure electric energy using solar mightiness panels installed on the top of the roof. Consequence of this is that emission made to the air is reduced, i n addition once this panel is installed company or soul can save money because it has its own resource of hot water. However there is a bad side of any good. Wind mile is dependant on wind and solar power is dependent on sun. Yet it is decidable question which can easily be solved by accumulating energy in battery packs in case of emergency, or transferring energy from sunny and windy regions to others. How sad president of Russia Medvedev The environment and the economy do not contradict each(prenominal) other. A properly functioning economy is an environmentally friendly economy. (President Medvedev, 2010)WIND POWERThe most important characteristic that determines the energy value of wind it is speed. due(p) to a number of meteorological factors (disturbance of the atmosphere, changes in solar activity, the amount of heat energy reaching the Earth, and other causes) and also due to the influence of relief conditions regular duration of the wind in the area, its speed and dir ection transfer randomly. in that locationfore, the power that can produce wind-setting at different times, one can predict with a very low probability. At the same time, the total production of the unit, especially over a long period of time can be calculated with high accuracy, since the average wind speed and oftenness of the velocity distribution within a year or season change little.Airflow, as tumefy as any moving body, has the energy of motion, or the reserve of kinetic energy. The latter with wind turbine or other working body is transformed into automatic energy. Depending on the purpose of wind turbine mechanical energy by means of actuators (generators, compressors, electrolytic, etc.) can be born-again into electricity, heat or mechanical energy, as substantially as the energy of compressed air.The principle of wind power is simple the wind turns the blades of a windmill, driving the shaft generator. The generator in turn produces galvanising energy. It turns ou t that wind power work, how toy cars on batteries, only(prenominal) the principle of their action is opposite. Instead of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy, wind energy is converted into electrical current.SOLAR POWERSolar energy the use of sunlight to generate energy in any form. Solar power uses a renewable source of energy and the potential to become environmentally friendly that is not generating hazardous waste.The advantages of using solar energy1) Accessibility and inexhaustible source (the sun).2) Theoretically, the virtuoso(a) security to the environment (but currently in production of solar cells and in themselves harmful substances are used).Now solar energy is widely used in cases where the inaccessibility of other energy sources combined with an abundance of solar radiation justifies its cost.Sun. Source of life and hard killer, giving the chance to be born and leaven up every living organism on Earth for several billion years. Seriously about tech nology taming of sunlight people began to think only in the last century.Currently, solar power plants are built mainly of cardinal types Solar power tower and solar power distributed (modular) type.In the solar power tower central receiver used with a field of heliostats, provides a degree of concentration in a few thousand. System for trailing the sun is much more complicated since it requires rotation around two axes. The system is controlled by the computer. As a working body in the heat engine is commonly used steam temperatures up to 550 C, air and other spatteres up to 1000 C, low-boiling organic liquids (including freon) up to 100 C, liquid metal coolant up to 800 C.DISADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE ENERGYSolar power Because of the relatively small magnitude of solar constant for solar energy requires the use of wide-ranging areas of drop for power plants (for example, 1-GW power plants it could be several tens of square kilometers). However, this drawback is not so grea t (for example, hydropower output from the use of much larger tracts of land). In addition, photovoltaic cells on the large solar power plants installed at a height of 1,8-2,5 m, which allows the use of land for power plants for agricultural purposes, such as for grazing.The problem of finding large areas of land for solar power is solved in the case of the solar balloon stations, suitable for both terrestrial and maritime and for high-rise home.The flow of solar energy on Earths open air is strongly dependent on latitude and climate. In various places the average number of sunny days per year can vary greatly.Technical problems1) Solar power does not work at night and not effectively work in the morning and evening twilight. The peak power consumption falls on the evening. In addition, power plants can dramatically and unexpectedly fluctuate because of changing weather.2) The high cost of solar cells. Probably with the ontogenesis of technology will overcome this shortcoming. In 1 990-2005 prices for solar cells decreased on average by 4% a year.3) Lack of efficiency of solar cells.4) The surface of the graphic panels should be cleaned from dust and other contaminants. With their area of several square kilometers of it can cause difficulties.5) The efficiency of photovoltaic cells decreases significantly when heated, so there is a need to install cooling systems, usually water.6) After 30 years of operation, the efficiency of photovoltaic cells begins to decline.Wind powerWind energy plants produce two types of noiseMechanical noise noise from the operation of mechanical and electrical components (for modern wind power is virtually absent, but is significant in the one-time(a) models of wind turbines)Aerodynamic noise the noise from the interaction of wind flow with the blades installed (amplified during the passage of blades past the tower of wind turbines)In the vicinity of wind turbines in the axis of wind turbine noise level are sufficiently large wind turbines can exceed 100 dB.An example of such design errors is a wind turbine Grovian. Because of the high noise level setting worked about 100 hours and was dismantled.Laws adopted in the UK, Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark, restrict the noise level of running wind power plant of up to 45 dB in daytime and 35 dB at night. Minimum distance from installation to homes 300 m.Low frequency vibrations transmitted through the soil, causing significant jitter windows in homes at a distance of 60 m from the megawatt-class wind turbines.Population of bats living tightly fitting the wind farm on the order of magnitude more vulnerable than the population of birds. Near the ends of turbine blades, a region of reduced pressure, and a mammal which has got into it, gets barotraumas. oer 90% of the bats found near wind turbines find signs of internal hemorrhaging. According to the explanation of scientists, the birds have a different structure of the lungs, and therefore more resistant to s udden changes in pressure and suffer only from a direct collision with the blades of wind turbines.In contrast to conventional thermal power plants, wind farms do not use water that can significantly reduce pressure on water resources.Metallic structures wind turbines, especially items in the lobes, can cause significant interference to radio reception. The larger the wind turbine, the more noise it can create. In some cases, to solve the problem have to install additional repeaters.CONCLUSIONUndeniable role of energy in maintaining and further follows the development of civilization. In modern society it is difficult to find at least one area of human activity sequence, which is not required to directly or indirectly tively more energy than it can give a human muscles.During the existence of our civilization many times a change of traditional energy sources for new, more sophisticated. And not because the old source was exhausted.The sun shone and warm man always and yet once peo ple have tamed the fire began to burn wood. Then the wood has given way to the stone coal. forest resources seemed limitless, but steam engines required more nutritious food.But this was just a stage. Coal will soon yield its leadership in energy markets petroleum.And here is a new milestone in our days leading fuels are still oil and gas. But for every new cubic meters of gas or a ton of oil to go farther north or east, dig deeper into the ground. It is no wonder that oil and gas will be from year to year cost us all more expensive.In pursuit of an excess of energy a person deeper into elemental world of natural phenomena and to some pores are not really thought about the consequences of their deeds and acts.But times have changed. Now new significant step the earths energy. There was energy, gentle. Constructed so that people do not cut down the branch on which it sits. Concerned about the protection of already heavily damaged biosphere.Undoubtedly, in future, in parallel with a line of intensive energy development will have extensive rights of citizenship and an extensive line of non-point sources of energy are not too much power, but with high efficiency, environmentally friendly, easy to handle.Energy accumulates very quickly, assimilates and incorporates all the newest ideas, inventions and scientific achievements. This is understandable energy is associated with literally everything, and all drawn to power, depends on it.Labyrinths of power. Mysterious passages, narrow, winding trail. Full of puzzles, obstacles, unexpected insights, wailing grief and losses, joys and triumphs of clicks. Thorny, is not easy, continuous energy path of humanity. But we believe that we are on the way to an era of energy abundance, and that all the hurdles, obstacles and difficulties will be overcome.The story of energy may be infinite, innumerable alternative forms of its use, provided that we have to develop that are effective and economical methods. Not so important, wh at is your opinion about the needs of energy, sources of energy, its quality, and cost? We probably should just accept the fact that the scientist said the sage, whose name trunk unknown There are no simple solutions, only intelligent choices.

Inequalities in Bahamas

Inequalities in BahamasInequalities associated with mannequin in the Bahamas One of the greatest tragedies in The Bahamas today, is that after decades of Majority Rule many another(prenominal) argon still beguiled by the illusion that constructs a superhighway of severalize equality. Alarmingly, many Bahamians appear to be oblivious to the underlying prejudicial rhetoric employ by politicians, the prevailing physique oriented mindset and the privileged minority who continue to steer and controlled the wealth and economic course of this sphere. Due to profound the inequalities associated with class in The Bahamas, there is a division between thousands of Bahamians economic in ally, bringing upally and in the wellness c be establishment. This division has had a remarkable effect on the hearty emergence of the Bahamas. It can be implied that class has become the architect of a national plutocracy that furnishes the wealthy, powers the elites and elevates the corporate masters to control and dominate the political and economic system of The Bahamas. As asserted by Author, Glinton Meicholas This divisive sociological phenomenon is creeping quickly into Bahamian Society which will create a nonher divide favorable class and Economics (pg.2). In a class society there are three type of classes the upper class, the bosom class and the lower class. According to Krieger and Moss, 1997, since prehistory, all societies have perceived hierarchy among their members. Leaders and followers, strong and weak, rich and light social classifications are universal. military mans have invented numerous ways to classify concourseby wealth, power, or prestige by ability, education, or occupation even by where they live and this is seen in the Bahamas today. Krieger and Moss further stated that the term social class originally referred to groups of people holding similar roles in the economic processes of production and exchange, such(prenominal) as landowner or tenant, employer or employee. Such positions correspond to distinct levels of status, prestige, and access to political power, but social class eventually took on a more generic meaning and came to refer to all aspects of a persons vagabond in the social hierarchy (pg. 45). The upper class in The Bahamas is very diverse and consists of the old rich white Bahamians who were born into wealth and who control the countrys agency of production, economic resources as well as land and capital, whereas, the middle class and the lower class are made of predominantly black Bahamians, whose acquisition of wealth is extremely limited. Even thought The Bahamas is viewed as one of the more stable Caribbean countries twain politi listy and economically and continues to be listed among the top nations in the Caribbean for it Real vernacular Domestic Product (RGDP), high standard of sustenance, and high per capita earnings there are still thousands who have low income and consumption levels, and low levels of human development in education and healthcare thus, contributing to poverty. Poverty according to the World commit is defined as the inability of people to attain a marginal standard of living. The annual poverty line in the Bahamas is $2863 per person. Someone who lives on this line would be able to spend $7.84 per day on a fundamental diet (, 2400 calories per day) and non-food needs. According to The Bahamas Living Conditions Survey presented to Parliament on October 5, 2005, the Bahamas poverty rate stood at 9.3 percent or about 28,000 people half of whom are children, are living below the poverty line.National statisticsOur national statistics record that 77% of the poorest people, those who fall in the bottom 20% of the country when it comes to income and expenditure, live in New Providence and Grand Bahamas, whereas, 91% of the wealthiest people also live in the aforementioned locations. Statistical data reveals that more that 75% of all poor Bahamian households have five or more members, an estimated 42% of poor heads of household have completed some secondary schooling, 34% of poor youth, ages 19- 24 are out of school and unemployed, 54% of people living in poor conditions do not have piped water, 33% lack access to a flush toilet, 58% of poor families rent rather than own their homes and 50% crowd more than three people into their bedroom. Among the more wealthy class in The Bahamas, there are higher rates of investment and capital formation, higher salaries and employment, more luxurious lifestyles and homes, more entrepreneurial activity, self-sustained economic growth, higher levels of nest egg and higher levels of consumption. The upper Bahamian class would have more natural asset, land, human assets, financial Assets, including access to credit, social assets, and greater influence on the Bahamas macro and micro economic policies and conditions. Their life expectancy, education, literacy and health provision would be higher than t he other classes of society. Usually it is the upper class of society that controls the means of production and consumption. The middle class on the other hand would have moderate rates of investment and savings, average employment, medium salaries, and high levels of consumption. While their access to credit may be disparate compared to the upper class it is not limited. Additionally, this class would also have some natural assets, land- though more generational than purchased, and their life expectancy, educational, health and literacy levels would be on a similar level as the upper class. The population of The Bahamas comprises of a sizeable number of underclass of citizens who are relegated to perform base and labour intensive work. Their living environments take on the existence of a filthy, unmaintained and poorly sanitized ghetto. Unfortunately, these ghettos have forged chains that keep many of the topical anaesthetic residents imprisoned since they lack the necessary whe rewithal to elevate themselves or to escape the trenches of the ghetto, crime is rife, unemployment and the rate of illiteracy are high, the scores of high school dropouts staggering, and there is a sense of political disenfranchisement . In The Bahamas, every boy and girl enjoy equal access to education at all levels. However, equal access to education does not mean equal participation in education. While William Allin implies that Education is not the answer to the question but the means to the answer to all questions, condition Laurence J. Peter states that Education is a method whereby one acquires a higher grade of prejudices. Unfortunately, it is quite the popular belief in a wide queer section of society that we are a classless society and that class should not matter. Perhaps, it should not, but unfortunately, it is evident everywhere. In our education system inclusive of principal(a) school settings, and college settings, class is quite apparent. Statistically, the achie vement gap between the lower class students in comparison to the upper and middle class students is relatively wide. It mustiness be noted that social class including students family characteristics affects learning and has a great influence on the academic achievement of students even in elementary settings. This is substantiated when both the public school and private school exams result are compared. Students who attend private schoolsThe majority of the students who attend private schools such as St. Anns High, Queens College, St. Augustines and St. Andrews are from the affluent / upper and middle class who have every a steady income or who just have money at their disposal. In contrast the students who are attending Government Schools usually have to struggle to get the materials needed or have to rely on the limited resource provided by the government who is subsidizing many of the private school through funding and ensuring that the materials needed are there at their dispo sal. This in itself speaks of the inequalities and the injustices in the educational system that is the implement responsible for producing the nations future leaders. Because of the inequalities that exist in our health care system, many of the poor, especially the elderly meet their demised due to the mere fact that they can not afford proper medical assistance. These persons are made to rely on the Public Health care systems which at time can not deport it own weight or meet the demands of the general, and frequently lack the doctor prescribed medication needed for persons to get well. In other instances the medication is either expired or the public hospital and clinic is just not in the position to render the services required. On the other hand, the elite or the socialite of the country can afford to go abroad or seek medical attention at the private medical facilities such as Doctors Hospital. Alder and steward paints an accurate picture of this relationship, comparing so cietal classes (or the resources associated with them) to be like rungs on a ladder. Our relative positions on the ladder, predicts how long you live and how sun-loving you are during your animation. (2007 4) They further states that one of the major issues of the differences between social classes in the U.S. is that the distances between the top and bottom rungs are massive. A perfect example of the massive, who at generation are considered to be the under privilege attends the Princess Margret Hospital and are made to feel like second class citizens. Whereas, those who are considered the privilege are handle as first class citizens and are able to seek medical attention at Doctors hospital. Adler and Stuart goes on to state that people at each social class level tend to have different, associated health levels. People in the lowest social classes are at greatest risk of dying in the beginning age 65 and are sicker throughout their lives, people in the middle class are healthi er than the lowest class, but not as healthy as those in the highest class (Adler Steward 5). Paradoxically, many in the lower class of society can and could have achieved national leadership in many different spheres if they were not disadvantaged and stagnated by our deeply embedded and covert class system. It would be untruthful to say that our nation has not made significant strides in dismantling the socio-economic barriers of the class system however, the inequality gap is continually widening and the bonds of the class system becoming even stronger. In our foremost areas of society, such as business and politics, there is still the covert prevailing class system that endorses the son or daughter of an old wealthy Bahamian to do the mantle of and leadership. It is imperative, therefore, that given our history of slavery, and colonialism, that we begin to place collaborative efforts to provide each citizen with equal opportunity, both social, educational and in the health car e arena. As the old say goes A generation which ignores history has no past and no future. The greatest lesson we can learn from the past . . . is that freedom is at the core of every successful nation in the world.(Frederick Chiluba) therefore, it is imperative to understand how the class system deprives citizens of their rights to thrive, to prosper and to participate in the socio-economic development of The Bahamas.References(2006). Central Bank of The Bahamas Annual Report. Central Bank of The Bahamas (2007). Central Bank of The Bahamas Annual Report. Central Bank of The Bahamas Alder, Nancy, Judith Steward. Reaching for a Healthier Life. (2007). The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research interlocking on Socioeconomic Status and Health. Corcoran, M. (1995). Rags to rags Poverty and mobility in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology. (1995) 21237-267. Austin, M. J. (2004). Changing Welfare Services. New York The Haworth Press, Inc., ISBN 0-7890-2313-X. C entral Bank of The Bahamas. (n.d). financial policy in the Bahamas Overview of the financial services sector. Retrieved September, 2009. http//www.centralbankbahamas.com /policy_overview.php. Citizenship, Community Empowerment, and Advocacy. Office of Refugee Resettlement. 2001 Dec 28. Retrieved September , 2009 from Coley et al. 2007. Maternal Welfare and Employment Experiences and Adolescent Well-Being Do Mothers Human Capital Characteristics Matter? Children Youth Services Review, 29,p. 193-215. Commonwealth Fund (CMWF), Analysis of Minority Health Reveals Persistent, Widespread Disparities, press release (May 14, 1999). Commonwealth of the Bahamas labour attract and household income report 2005. The Department of Statistics. (2005). David, B. (2003). Rethinking the Sociological Measurement of Poverty, Social Forces Vol. 81 No.3, (March 2003), pp. 715-751 (abstract online in Project Muse). Davis, L. E., Proctor, E. K. (1987). Race, Gender and Class. New Jersey Prentice Ha ll. Department of Statistics. (2004). Bahamas living conditions survey, 2001. Department of Statistics. (2008). Report of the 2000 census of population housing. Gerth, Hans C. Mills, W. (1958) From Max Weber Essays in Sociology, (Oxford University Press, 1958). (Webers key statement of the multiple nature of stratification). http//www.ilheadstart.org/history.html http//www.nytimes.com/learning/teachers/featured_articles/20000403monday.html http//www.justicelearning.org/viewissue.asp?issueID=12 http//www.infoplease.com/spot/womenshistory1.html http//www.acenet.edu/hena/facts_in_brief/2000/05_15_00_fib.cfm http//www.cwrl.utexas.edu/ulrich/femhist/education.shtml Krieger, N. Williams, D. R. and Moss, N. E. (1997). meter Social Class in U.S. Public Health Research Concepts, Methodologies, and Guidelines. Annual Review of Public Health 18341-378. Lloyd. W. (1949). et al. Social Class in the States A Manual of Procedure for the Measurement of Social Status (1949). Milton, F. Pover ty, Inequality, and Crime There are two kinds of money your money and my money. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th edition) (ISBN 1557987912) Saunders, O. C. (2003b). The Bahamian economy in the context of the western hemisphere. Journal of The School of Business The College of The Bahamas, 12, 100-107. Saunders, O. C. (2004). The unique Bahamas. Readings in Banking and Finance, 3, 73-84. Thompson, T. (2007, November 10lb). Child rights activist call for focus on rehabilitation for troubled youths. The Tribune, p. 3. United Nations Development Programme. (2005) Human development report International cooperation at a crossroads Aid, trade and bail in an unequal world. New York Author. Retrieved September, 2009 from http//hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/pdf/HDR05_frontmatter.pdf. Zastrow, C. (1993). Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare (5th ed.). California Books/Cole Publishing Company.

The History And Influence Of Latin Music

The History And Influence Of Latin MusicThe history and enamours of Latin American euphony started in the 1550 by the Moorish and African slaves. Latin Americas genius of medication has a mix of European, African, and Indigenous influences. Latin music today is played to celebrate events and many other happy happenings this is where in my es regularize I will focus in the proterozoic times of Latin America, the indigenous civilizations of Aztec, Maya, and Inca had their style of music for rituals and ceremonies, but when the Europeans came in the colonial period, they brought their Roman Catholic phantasmal and also changed the views of many indigenous people including their style of music. At the time European was conquering Latin America, the Europeans brought African slaves for labour, but because they were not allowed to believe in their believes, the African slaves used their own instruments that were brought with them when they were forced into slave trade to create rhyt hms to communicate, tell stories, and sh are unspeakable joy which all created the outsmart of Lain Music. Lastly I will talk about present Latin music itself and what influences was kept.Oldest musical traditions in Latin America were based on the trinity great civilizations of Maya, Inca, and Aztec. The three great civilizations played three types of music. The first one was played for pleasure that inspired group singings and dances. The second type was functional music for instance, work songs and soldierlike music. The last type of music was the largest category, it was religious music used for rituals and communication. For the largest category of music, their religion was extremely weighty to the indigenous people. They had their unique kind of music to delight the evil gods to bring good lucky, another to bring good harvest and nearly importantly the rain god to bring water for drinking and farming. galore(postnominal) of these type of music was played when a ritual w as happening, sacrifices would be done at the same time. There were centuries where the music that were heard by authors and music scholars and they would say it was barbaric and frightful. Though many disagreed with the music of sacrifice, many were impressed by the large variety of detailed instruments ranging from flutes made out of clay, conch shells used like a trumpet, rattles, and drums ranging from different sizes. Music was always played in festivals, and a particular song was played for each big event. Even small villages of Amerindians musicians produce music that is diverse and unique to each village. As the European came in the colonial period, their influenced evolved indigenous style of music to more detailed pieces.When Spain and Portugal started to settle on American land in the colonial period, the Spanish and Portuguese brought their culture along with them especially their Roman Catholic religious believes, where the indigenous people began the use their influenc e of arts. In this period the indigenous people were beginning to be influenced by their arts and many Europeans played many kinds of their famous music in churches to diversify Indians into Catholicism. Their music however did not play a major role in the development in Latin American and especially Brazils commonplace music. When the Christmas term came, autos were introduced to the Indians and they were highly influenced by the later music of Latin America. At this time, the colonist of Europe brought European instruments and the natives quickly adopted these, but because the Indians tried not to repeat the exact instrument, they would construct similar ones but with better quality items. For example the guitar, the Indians would change the tuning of the strings or change the guitar box with an armadillo shell. But not till the twenty-first century, the Maya still played their old songs but with European instruments where they shared Mayan roots with both Aztec and Spanish bo rrowings. Latin America gained independence during the early nineteenth century. With the independence, music shifted its status in leadership. In the nineteenth century the musical life of Latin American started using the piano to produce beauty salon music. Many different kinds of Latin American music were produced but not all kinds were so touristy. Italian lyricism, German and French romanticism were the three biggest influences to Latin American composers of the nineteenth century. By the end of nineteenth century, Latin America started to not lean so much towards the European traditions and started to create national music. As this new development of nationalism music, composers started to focus more into folk and popular themes. In this new development, Brazil began to use native melodies to compose their music. The most important development of Latin American music during the Colonial Period was in the sixteenth century when African slaves were sent to the Caribbean Islands and Brazil, and this is where the base of contemporary Latin American music started.Latin American music is highly influenced by European colonization and by the African slaves. The African slaves brought the following characteristics for their style of music triple percussive lines, polyrhythms, polymeric vocal polyphony, choreographic features, mystical-religious references, the use of a stanza-refrain form, and specific instrumentation as they were forced into labour on unfamiliar land from take over trades, which created vibrant rhythms and melodies to Latin America from their homeland. The music they play associates with work, play and spiritual purposes because they were not allowed to practise their believes so they create rhythms to communicate, tell stories, and share unspeakable joy. Their music comes in a range for every occasion from lullabies to punishments and because of their diversity, each group of African slaves produce different musical styles with a wide varie ty of instruments from rattles, to woodwinds, to drums, to stringed instruments. angiotensin converting enzyme of the larger groups known as the Moorish people also known as Afro-Caribbean brought their culture up front and it came forth. In 1776 Moorish people were nix to play drums and the Caribbean slaves were allowed, which were just for recreation, entertainment, and the most important, communication. All of these played the traditional Moorish and African rhythms on a drum and the basic beat for Latin American music. The African slaves were always interested in coming up with new rhythms that they liked to play in ensembles of different percussion instruments but because they are spicy in rhythmic form, their melodic variation is extremely poor. African beats highly influenced the creation of samba, where ancient drumming and circular dance ritual called the bataque are included. Although the bataque was originally a religious dance, slaves disguised it as a secular celebra tion because the Portuguese forbade the Africans to practice their sacred beliefs. The word samba first appeared in 1838 where it originally originated from an African dance known as the mesemba but the actual samba dance and music was created in 1917. History has said that the African-Brazilian people in the working class of Rio de Janeiro probably invented the samba. The rhythms of the samba had three roles to sing, dance, and to parade at carnivals. Ernesto does Santos a black musician recorded the first samba song in 1916. When Manuel Diniz opened a maxixe academy in Paris, the samba dance gained much popularity in Europe in 1921. Sambas name was for its rhythm, but there were different kinds of samba. The most fast paced and extreme was the batucada. The batucada is both the name for a large samba percussion group and a drumming style with two rhythms mixed together.Latin music is a combination of influences from Africa, Europe, and the indigenous people of Latin America. Latin music is influenced by Spanish songs, African and indigenous rhythms, European classical and popular music from the Catholic Church. In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, ballad, rhythm, blues, jazz, rocks, reggae, Afro-pop, and hip-hop were created. Rhythms and harmonies are the two elements that help differ Latin music from European and North American music. Many European classical and church influences were incorporated into Afro-Cuban music. The rhythmic structure or the beat is the most distinctive elements in Afro-Cuban music. Latin music is a five-beat pattern called the clave. There are two wooden clave sticks which are used by musicians to tap out the underlying rhythms of a song. Contemporary Latin music shows three main trends. The first are the ones who follow the footsteps in expressing their love for their country in the late nineteenth century or early twentieth century. The second most influential group are composers who seek to accommodate their cultures myt hs and express their own individuality at the same time. Lastly they are the ones who trend both the love of their country and cultural myth. Their music is developed along experimental lines.In conclusion Latin American music is a popular music that has a history of cultural mixes. Without the conquest of the Spanish and Europeans, they would never have given influences to the style and also the bring African slaves over for the beat of todays Latin music From Africa to the Aztec and the Inca, the forebears of Latin music have circled the globe for hundreds of years. The unique melodies and instruments played important roles in ancient societies, and they continue to influence millions of musicians in the twenty-first century

Tunnel Vision In Reading :: essays research papers

Reading involves translating symbols and letters into words or sentences. Anderson defines meter instruction as a process of constructing meaning from a scripted text. We indulge in reading for many different purposes, be it survival, leisure or occupational. In a way, reading serves as a kind communication between the writer and the reader. The writer encodes what he or she wishes to convey while the reader decodes according to his or her knowledge perception. Johnson quotes A young man should read five hours in a day, and so may acquire a great deal of knowledge. How perpetually, there as several problems which hinders the reading process, one of them being tunnel vision. This is a condition experienced by most readers especially beginners. This is beca physical exertion they lack non visual data when trying to digest certain(a) texts. Non visual information is what is stored in the brain, prior knowledge or specific information which go forth enable the brain to companion with whatever is received through the eyes thus bringing comprehension to the readers mind when reading a text. The inability of the brain to use this information due the over-load of visual information, will cause it to take more time to make decisions on what are seen. For example, a disciple un acquainted(predicate) with certain words in a purposely distorted text may have to take a few seconds longer to recognize them rather than familiar words which only require a single glance. Tunnel vision also occurs when readers are asked to read texts that are written in a lyric poem they do not know or a writing system they cant discern. As there is no non-visual information what so ever in that particular language and writing system, they will not be able to read the text, let alone understand it. For example, a Malay student will have a serious problem if requested to read a passage in RussianThere are also cases when texts written in readers first language fails to enlightened them. This is because they have no prior knowledge on the ideas or facts written. A student majoring in Arts will have problem comprehending a text written on Chemical Engineering and vice versa. This inevitably causes tunnel vision to resurface. They could go on reading till the last page of the text without understanding the content.Tunnel vision slows down the reading process, as readers are unable to identify or regard any part of the text.

Eulogy for Friend :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for FriendGeorgannas admirers--and thats everyone who knew her--savor the mile we walked with her. individually of us has special incidents we want to recount. We have compiled a few of these memories that we believe best illustrate the unique personality of our dynamic friend. Georganna was always determined, some fourth dimensions outraged, further rarely sad. Enjoy these stories. As long as we have them in our hearts, we have George. At the Team Spirit Leadership Conference George roomed with Heather, Tatum and Erica. She was always the world-class one up--usually by 400a.m. BUT she was always the LAST one ready On the French Trip to lanthanum George slept in those teal green, silk pajamas whiles everyone else slept in shorts or workout suit But that was George. She dressed up for school every day like she was going off to New York. Shawn always verbalise George was in a time warp because he was wearing clothes from another generation George was the Debate Queen--tha ts what everyone called her. On the bus trip to Louisiana George climbed over the seats to visit her opinion on at least five divergent wall sockets She would never back down. When George started to go off about an issue during class or on the weekend, Ryan, Shawn, and all the guys would hiss (like the wind was blowing). Georganna would just roll her eyes at them and smile. Georganna loved to read. Everyone always teased her about those crud novels She could read a dissimilar one every day. During Flag Core practice Georgannas freshman year, Katrina accidentally hit Georganna on the head with her flag--but Georganna really got noise and chased Katrina around the consummate school with the flag pole Georganna loved chocolate--and shed get sooo hyper when she ate it Taco Bell was also her favorite. She could be found there every weekend with different friends. Kenny Samples was bored one day and went through Georges purse. He bit her drivers license and credit cards and actual ly left teeth marks on them. George a good deal showed them to her friends and laughed about it. One night Tatum, Kristie, Daren, Micah, and George went on a yard-rolling spree. Amanda pulled into her driveway as they were rolling her yard. They were running off and George started picking up the rolls of toilet paper. She said, We might post use them later She had also insisted on color coordinating the paper before it was bought Eulogy for Friend Eulogies EulogyEulogy for FriendGeorgannas admirers--and thats everyone who knew her--savor the mile we walked with her. Each of us has special incidents we want to recount. We have compiled a few of these memories that we believe best illustrate the unique personality of our dynamic friend. Georganna was always determined, sometimes outraged, but rarely sad. Enjoy these stories. As long as we have them in our hearts, we have George. At the Team Spirit Leadership Conference George roomed with Heather, Tatum and Erica. She was always t he First one up--usually by 400a.m. BUT she was always the LAST one ready On the French Trip to Louisiana George slept in those teal green, silk pajamas whiles everyone else slept in shorts or sweats But that was George. She dressed up for school every day like she was going off to New York. Shawn always said George was in a time warp because he was wearing clothes from another generation George was the Debate Queen--thats what everyone called her. On the bus trip to Louisiana George climbed over the seats to view her opinion on at least five different issues She would never back down. When George started to go off about an issue during class or on the weekend, Ryan, Shawn, and all the guys would hiss (like the wind was blowing). Georganna would just roll her eyes at them and smile. Georganna loved to read. Everyone always teased her about those smut novels She could read a different one every day. During Flag Core practice Georgannas freshman year, Katrina accidentally hit Georgann a on the head with her flag--but Georganna really got upset and chased Katrina around the entire school with the flag pole Georganna loved chocolate--and shed get sooo hyper when she ate it Taco Bell was also her favorite. She could be found there every weekend with different friends. Kenny Samples was bored one day and went through Georges purse. He bit her drivers license and credit cards and actually left teeth marks on them. George often showed them to her friends and laughed about it. One night Tatum, Kristie, Daren, Micah, and George went on a yard-rolling spree. Amanda pulled into her driveway as they were rolling her yard. They were running off and George started picking up the rolls of toilet paper. She said, We might can use them later She had also insisted on color coordinating the paper before it was bought